Surveying and Geomatics

  1. LiDAR Technology and Applications
    1. LiDAR Principles
      1. Light Detection and Ranging
        1. Time-of-Flight Measurement
          1. Laser Pulse Characteristics
            1. Range Accuracy and Precision
            2. LiDAR System Components
              1. Laser Scanner
                1. Laser Types
                  1. Scanning Mechanisms
                    1. Pulse Repetition Frequency
                    2. GNSS Positioning
                      1. Real-Time Positioning
                        1. Post-Processing Requirements
                        2. Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)
                          1. Attitude Determination
                            1. Motion Compensation
                            2. Control and Data Systems
                              1. Data Acquisition
                                1. Real-Time Processing
                              2. LiDAR Platforms
                                1. Airborne LiDAR
                                  1. Fixed-Wing Aircraft
                                    1. Helicopter Systems
                                      1. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
                                        1. Flight Planning Considerations
                                        2. Terrestrial Laser Scanning
                                          1. Static Scanning
                                            1. Scan Registration
                                              1. Multi-Station Surveys
                                              2. Mobile LiDAR
                                                1. Vehicle-Mounted Systems
                                                  1. Kinematic Scanning
                                                    1. Corridor Mapping
                                                    2. Bathymetric LiDAR
                                                      1. Green Laser Systems
                                                        1. Water Penetration
                                                          1. Shallow Water Mapping
                                                        2. LiDAR Data Characteristics
                                                          1. Point Cloud Structure
                                                            1. Point Density
                                                              1. Multiple Returns
                                                                1. Intensity Values
                                                                  1. Classification Codes
                                                                  2. LiDAR Data Processing
                                                                    1. Point Cloud Registration
                                                                      1. Coordinate Transformation
                                                                        1. Strip Adjustment
                                                                        2. Data Filtering
                                                                          1. Noise Removal
                                                                            1. Outlier Detection
                                                                            2. Ground Point Classification
                                                                              1. Bare Earth Extraction
                                                                                1. Vegetation Filtering
                                                                                2. Feature Extraction
                                                                                  1. Building Detection
                                                                                    1. Tree Identification
                                                                                      1. Power Line Extraction
                                                                                      2. Surface Modeling
                                                                                        1. Digital Terrain Models (DTM)
                                                                                          1. Digital Surface Models (DSM)
                                                                                            1. Canopy Height Models
                                                                                          2. LiDAR Applications
                                                                                            1. Topographic Mapping
                                                                                              1. Flood Modeling
                                                                                                1. Forest Inventory
                                                                                                  1. Urban Planning
                                                                                                    1. Infrastructure Monitoring
                                                                                                      1. Archaeological Surveys

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                                                                                                    9. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing

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                                                                                                    11. Geographic Information Systems (GIS)