Soil Science and Management

7.

Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility

7.1.

Essential Plant Nutrients

7.1.1.

Criteria for Essentiality

7.1.2.

7.1.2.1.

Primary Macronutrients

7.1.2.1.1.

7.1.2.1.1.1.

7.1.2.1.1.2.

Functions in Plants

7.1.2.1.1.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

7.1.2.1.2.

7.1.2.1.2.1.

7.1.2.1.2.2.

Functions in Plants

7.1.2.1.2.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

7.1.2.1.3.

7.1.2.1.3.1.

7.1.2.1.3.2.

Functions in Plants

7.1.2.1.3.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

7.1.2.2.

Secondary Macronutrients

7.1.2.2.1.

7.1.2.2.1.1.

7.1.2.2.1.2.

Functions in Plants

7.1.2.2.1.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

7.1.2.2.2.

7.1.2.2.2.1.

7.1.2.2.2.2.

Functions in Plants

7.1.2.2.2.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

7.1.2.2.3.

7.1.2.2.3.1.

7.1.2.2.3.2.

Functions in Plants

7.1.2.2.3.3.

Deficiency Symptoms

7.1.3.

7.1.3.1.

7.1.3.1.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.1.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.1.3.2.

7.1.3.2.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.2.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.1.3.3.

7.1.3.3.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.3.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.1.3.4.

7.1.3.4.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.4.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.1.3.5.

7.1.3.5.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.5.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.1.3.6.

7.1.3.6.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.6.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.1.3.7.

7.1.3.7.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.7.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.1.3.8.

7.1.3.8.1.

Forms and Availability

7.1.3.8.2.

Functions and Deficiency

7.2.

Nutrient Cycling in Soils

7.2.1.

7.2.1.1.

Nitrogen Fixation

7.2.1.1.1.

Biological Fixation

7.2.1.1.2.

Industrial Fixation

7.2.1.2.

7.2.1.3.

7.2.1.4.

Denitrification

7.2.1.5.

7.2.1.6.

7.2.2.

Phosphorus Cycle

7.2.2.1.

Mineralization and Immobilization

7.2.2.2.

Phosphorus Fixation

7.2.2.3.

Mycorrhizal Associations

7.2.3.

Potassium Cycle

7.2.3.1.

Weathering Release

7.2.3.2.

Fixation and Release

7.2.3.3.

Plant Uptake and Return

7.2.4.

7.2.4.1.

7.2.4.2.

Oxidation and Reduction

7.2.4.3.

Atmospheric Inputs

7.3.

Soil Testing and Plant Analysis

7.3.1.

7.3.1.1.

Sampling Procedures

7.3.1.2.

Sample Handling

7.3.1.3.

7.3.2.

Soil Test Methods

7.3.2.1.

7.3.2.2.

Nutrient Extraction Methods

7.3.2.3.

Interpretation of Results

7.3.3.

Plant Tissue Analysis

7.3.3.1.

Sampling Procedures

7.3.3.2.

Critical Nutrient Levels

7.3.3.3.

7.4.

Fertilizers and Amendments

7.4.1.

Inorganic Fertilizers

7.4.1.1.

Nitrogen Fertilizers

7.4.1.1.1.

7.4.1.1.2.

Ammonium Sulfate

7.4.1.1.3.

Ammonium Nitrate

7.4.1.1.4.

Anhydrous Ammonia

7.4.1.2.

Phosphorus Fertilizers

7.4.1.2.1.

7.4.1.2.2.

Triple Superphosphate

7.4.1.2.3.

Diammonium Phosphate

7.4.1.3.

Potassium Fertilizers

7.4.1.3.1.

Muriate of Potash

7.4.1.3.2.

Sulfate of Potash

7.4.1.4.

Complete Fertilizers

7.4.2.

Organic Fertilizers

7.4.2.1.

7.4.2.1.1.

Composition and Properties

7.4.2.1.2.

Application Considerations

7.4.2.2.

7.4.2.2.1.

Composting Process

7.4.2.2.2.

Quality Factors

7.4.2.3.

7.4.2.3.1.

Leguminous Crops

7.4.2.3.2.

Non-leguminous Crops

7.4.3.

Specialty Fertilizers

7.4.3.1.

Slow-Release Fertilizers

7.4.3.2.

Foliar Fertilizers

7.4.3.3.

Micronutrient Fertilizers

7.5.

Fertilizer Application

7.5.1.

Application Methods

7.5.1.1.

7.5.1.2.

7.5.1.3.

7.5.1.4.

7.5.1.5.

Foliar Application

7.5.2.

Timing of Application

7.5.2.1.

Pre-plant Application

7.5.2.2.

At-planting Application

7.5.2.3.

Post-emergence Application

7.5.3.

Rate Determination

7.5.3.1.

Soil Test Recommendations

7.5.3.2.

Crop Removal Rates

7.5.3.3.

Environmental Considerations

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8. Soil Classification and Survey