Population Genetics

5.

5.1.

Random Sampling in Reproduction

5.1.1.

Binomial Sampling Process

5.1.2.

Variance in Allele Frequencies

5.1.3.

Stochastic Changes

5.2.

Population Size Effects

5.2.1.

Small Populations

5.2.1.1.

5.2.1.2.

5.2.2.

Large Populations

5.2.2.1.

5.2.2.2.

5.2.3.

Critical Population Sizes

5.3.

Consequences of Drift

5.3.1.

Loss of Genetic Variation

5.3.2.

Random Fixation

5.3.3.

Population Differentiation

5.3.4.

Reduced Evolutionary Potential

5.4.

5.4.1.

Founder Effects

5.4.1.1.

Colonization Events

5.4.1.2.

Genetic Bottlenecks at Founding

5.4.1.3.

Long-term Consequences

5.4.2.

Population Bottlenecks

5.4.2.1.

Causes of Bottlenecks

5.4.2.2.

Genetic Consequences

5.4.2.3.

Recovery Patterns

5.5.

Effective Population Size

5.5.1.

Concept and Definition

5.5.2.

Relationship to Census Size

5.5.3.

Factors Reducing Effective Size

5.5.3.1.

Unequal Sex Ratios

5.5.3.2.

Variation in Reproductive Success

5.5.3.3.

Population Fluctuations

5.5.3.4.

Non-random Mating

5.5.4.

Calculation Methods

5.5.4.1.

5.5.4.2.

Variance Effective Size

5.5.4.3.

Inbreeding Effective Size

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6. Natural Selection