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Biology
Genetics and Genomics
Population Genetics
1. Introduction to Population Genetics
2. Genetic Variation in Populations
3. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
4. Mutation as an Evolutionary Force
5. Genetic Drift
6. Natural Selection
7. Gene Flow and Migration
8. Mating Systems and Population Structure
9. Molecular Population Genetics
10. Quantitative Genetics
11. Population Genetics Applications
12. Advanced Topics
4.
Mutation as an Evolutionary Force
4.1.
Nature of Mutations
4.1.1.
Definition and Classification
4.1.2.
Spontaneous Mutations
4.1.3.
Induced Mutations
4.2.
Types of Mutations
4.2.1.
Point Mutations
4.2.1.1.
Transitions
4.2.1.2.
Transversions
4.2.1.3.
Silent Mutations
4.2.1.4.
Missense Mutations
4.2.1.5.
Nonsense Mutations
4.2.2.
Insertions and Deletions
4.2.2.1.
Frameshift Effects
4.2.2.2.
In-Frame Changes
4.2.3.
Chromosomal Mutations
4.2.3.1.
Inversions
4.2.3.2.
Translocations
4.2.3.3.
Duplications
4.2.3.4.
Deletions
4.3.
Mutation Rates
4.3.1.
Measurement Methods
4.3.2.
Variation Among Genes
4.3.3.
Variation Among Organisms
4.3.4.
Factors Affecting Rates
4.3.4.1.
DNA Repair Mechanisms
4.3.4.2.
Environmental Mutagens
4.3.4.3.
Replication Fidelity
4.4.
Effects on Populations
4.4.1.
Introduction of New Alleles
4.4.2.
Mutation Pressure
4.4.3.
Mutation-Selection Balance
4.4.4.
Genetic Load
4.5.
Molecular Evolution
4.5.1.
Neutral Mutations
4.5.2.
Nearly Neutral Theory
4.5.3.
Molecular Clock
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3. The Hardy-Weinberg Principle
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5. Genetic Drift