Pollution Science

9.

Pollution Monitoring and Analysis

9.1.

Environmental Sampling Strategies

9.1.1.

Sampling Design

9.1.1.1.

Objectives and Hypotheses

9.1.1.2.

Statistical Considerations

9.1.1.3.

Quality Assurance and Control

9.1.2.

Spatial and Temporal Sampling

9.1.2.1.

Representative Sampling

9.1.2.2.

Random vs. Systematic Sampling

9.1.2.3.

Temporal Variability

9.1.3.

Sample Preservation and Storage

9.1.3.1.

Chemical Preservation

9.1.3.2.

Physical Preservation

9.1.3.3.

Chain of Custody

9.2.

Air Sampling and Monitoring

9.2.1.

Passive Sampling Methods

9.2.1.1.

Diffusion Tubes

9.2.1.2.

9.2.1.3.

Lichen and Moss Biomonitoring

9.2.2.

Active Sampling Methods

9.2.2.1.

High-Volume Samplers

9.2.2.2.

Personal Exposure Monitors

9.2.2.3.

9.2.3.

Real-Time Monitoring

9.2.3.1.

Continuous Analyzers

9.2.3.2.

Sensor Networks

9.2.3.3.

9.2.4.

Meteorological Measurements

9.2.4.1.

Wind Speed and Direction

9.2.4.2.

Temperature and Humidity

9.2.4.3.

Atmospheric Stability

9.3.

Water Sampling and Monitoring

9.3.1.

Surface Water Sampling

9.3.1.1.

9.3.1.2.

Composite Sampling

9.3.1.3.

Flow-Weighted Sampling

9.3.2.

Groundwater Sampling

9.3.2.1.

Well Installation

9.3.2.2.

Purging and Sampling

9.3.2.3.

Monitoring Well Networks

9.3.3.

In-Situ Monitoring

9.3.3.1.

Multi-parameter Probes

9.3.3.2.

Automated Monitoring Systems

9.3.3.3.

Telemetry and Data Transmission

9.3.4.

Quality Control Measures

9.3.4.1.

9.3.4.2.

Duplicate Samples

9.3.4.3.

9.4.

Soil and Sediment Sampling

9.4.1.

Surface Sampling

9.4.1.1.

9.4.1.2.

Random Sampling

9.4.1.3.

Composite Sampling

9.4.2.

Subsurface Sampling

9.4.2.1.

9.4.2.2.

Split-Spoon Sampling

9.4.2.3.

Continuous Core Sampling

9.4.3.

Sediment Sampling

9.4.3.1.

9.4.3.2.

9.4.3.3.

Dredge Samplers

9.4.4.

Sample Preparation

9.4.4.1.

Drying and Sieving

9.4.4.2.

9.4.4.3.

9.5.

Biological Sampling and Biomonitoring

9.5.1.

Indicator Species Selection

9.5.1.1.

Sensitivity to Pollutants

9.5.1.2.

Ecological Relevance

9.5.1.3.

Practical Considerations

9.5.2.

9.5.2.1.

Leaf and Needle Analysis

9.5.2.2.

Tree Ring Analysis

9.5.2.3.

Lichen Monitoring

9.5.3.

Animal Sampling

9.5.3.1.

Tissue Collection

9.5.3.2.

Non-invasive Sampling

9.5.3.3.

Biomarker Analysis

9.5.4.

Microbial Monitoring

9.5.4.1.

Community Structure Analysis

9.5.4.2.

Functional Assays

9.5.4.3.

Molecular Techniques

9.6.

Analytical Chemistry Methods

9.6.1.

Sample Preparation Techniques

9.6.1.1.

Extraction Methods

9.6.1.2.

Cleanup Procedures

9.6.1.3.

Concentration Techniques

9.6.2.

Spectroscopic Methods

9.6.2.1.

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

9.6.2.2.

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

9.6.2.3.

UV-Visible Spectroscopy

9.6.2.4.

Infrared Spectroscopy

9.6.2.5.

X-ray Fluorescence

9.6.3.

Chromatographic Methods

9.6.3.1.

Gas Chromatography

9.6.3.1.1.

Principles and Instrumentation

9.6.3.1.2.

9.6.3.2.

Liquid Chromatography

9.6.3.2.1.

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

9.6.3.2.2.

Ion Chromatography

9.6.3.2.3.

Size Exclusion Chromatography

9.6.4.

Mass Spectrometry

9.6.4.1.

Ionization Methods

9.6.4.2.

9.6.4.3.

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

9.6.4.4.

Applications in Environmental Analysis

9.6.5.

Electrochemical Methods

9.6.5.1.

9.6.5.2.

9.6.5.3.

Ion-Selective Electrodes

9.6.6.

9.6.6.1.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

9.6.6.2.

Lateral Flow Assays

9.6.6.3.

Field Applications

9.7.

Remote Sensing and Geospatial Analysis

9.7.1.

Satellite Remote Sensing

9.7.1.1.

Optical Sensors

9.7.1.2.

Thermal Sensors

9.7.1.3.

9.7.1.4.

Hyperspectral Imaging

9.7.2.

Airborne Remote Sensing

9.7.2.1.

Aircraft-Based Sensors

9.7.2.2.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

9.7.2.3.

9.7.3.

Ground-Based Remote Sensing

9.7.3.1.

Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

9.7.3.2.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

9.7.3.3.

Laser-Induced Fluorescence

9.7.4.

Geographic Information Systems

9.7.4.1.

Spatial Data Management

9.7.4.2.

Pollution Source Mapping

9.7.4.3.

Exposure Assessment

9.7.4.4.

9.7.5.

Data Integration and Analysis

9.7.5.1.

Multi-source Data Fusion

9.7.5.2.

Temporal Analysis

9.7.5.3.

Spatial Statistics

9.8.

Environmental Modeling and Data Analysis

9.8.1.

Statistical Analysis

9.8.1.1.

Descriptive Statistics

9.8.1.2.

Hypothesis Testing

9.8.1.3.

Regression Analysis

9.8.1.4.

Time Series Analysis

9.8.2.

Fate and Transport Models

9.8.2.1.

Gaussian Plume Models

9.8.2.2.

Lagrangian Models

9.8.2.3.

Eulerian Models

9.8.3.

Exposure Models

9.8.3.1.

Multimedia Models

9.8.3.2.

Physiologically-Based Models

9.8.3.3.

Population Exposure Models

9.8.4.

Air Quality Models

9.8.4.1.

Dispersion Models

9.8.4.2.

Photochemical Models

9.8.4.3.

Regional and Global Models

9.8.5.

Water Quality Models

9.8.5.1.

River and Stream Models

9.8.5.2.

9.8.5.3.

Groundwater Models

9.8.6.

Model Validation and Uncertainty

9.8.6.1.

Model Performance Evaluation

9.8.6.2.

Sensitivity Analysis

9.8.6.3.

Uncertainty Quantification

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