Pollution Science

  1. Soil and Land Pollution
    1. Soil Systems and Properties
      1. Soil Formation and Development
        1. Parent Material
          1. Climate Factors
            1. Biological Activity
              1. Topography and Time
              2. Soil Composition
                1. Mineral Components
                  1. Organic Matter
                    1. Soil Water
                      1. Soil Air
                      2. Soil Physical Properties
                        1. Texture and Structure
                          1. Porosity and Permeability
                            1. Water Holding Capacity
                            2. Soil Chemical Properties
                              1. pH and Buffering Capacity
                                1. Cation Exchange Capacity
                                  1. Nutrient Availability
                                2. Sources of Soil Contamination
                                  1. Agricultural Practices
                                    1. Pesticide and Herbicide Application
                                      1. Fertilizer Overuse
                                        1. Irrigation with Contaminated Water
                                          1. Animal Waste Management
                                          2. Industrial Activities
                                            1. Manufacturing Waste Disposal
                                              1. Chemical Spills and Leaks
                                                1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                2. Mining and Smelting Operations
                                                  1. Mine Tailings
                                                    1. Waste Rock Piles
                                                      1. Acid Mine Drainage
                                                        1. Smelter Emissions
                                                        2. Waste Management Practices
                                                          1. Landfills and Dumps
                                                            1. Sewage Sludge Application
                                                              1. Incineration Ash Disposal
                                                              2. Transportation and Fuel Storage
                                                                1. Fuel Spills
                                                                  1. Road Salt Application
                                                                    1. Tire Wear Particles
                                                                    2. Military and Nuclear Activities
                                                                      1. Weapons Testing
                                                                        1. Nuclear Waste Storage
                                                                          1. Military Base Operations
                                                                        2. Major Soil Contaminants
                                                                          1. Heavy Metals
                                                                            1. Lead Contamination
                                                                              1. Sources and Pathways
                                                                                1. Soil-Plant Transfer
                                                                                  1. Health Risks
                                                                                  2. Cadmium Contamination
                                                                                    1. Arsenic Contamination
                                                                                      1. Mercury Contamination
                                                                                        1. Chromium Contamination
                                                                                        2. Organic Contaminants
                                                                                          1. Petroleum Hydrocarbons
                                                                                            1. Gasoline and Diesel
                                                                                              1. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                1. Environmental Fate
                                                                                                2. Chlorinated Solvents
                                                                                                  1. Trichloroethylene
                                                                                                    1. Perchloroethylene
                                                                                                      1. Environmental Behavior
                                                                                                      2. Pesticides and Herbicides
                                                                                                        1. Organochlorines
                                                                                                          1. Organophosphates
                                                                                                            1. Persistence and Mobility
                                                                                                          2. Radioactive Contaminants
                                                                                                            1. Natural Radioactivity
                                                                                                              1. Nuclear Weapons Fallout
                                                                                                                1. Nuclear Facility Releases
                                                                                                                2. Salts and Nutrients
                                                                                                                  1. Soil Salinization
                                                                                                                    1. Nitrogen Loading
                                                                                                                      1. Phosphorus Accumulation
                                                                                                                    2. Soil Degradation Processes
                                                                                                                      1. Physical Degradation
                                                                                                                        1. Soil Erosion
                                                                                                                          1. Water Erosion
                                                                                                                            1. Wind Erosion
                                                                                                                              1. Control Measures
                                                                                                                              2. Soil Compaction
                                                                                                                                1. Crusting and Sealing
                                                                                                                                2. Chemical Degradation
                                                                                                                                  1. Salinization
                                                                                                                                    1. Primary Salinization
                                                                                                                                      1. Secondary Salinization
                                                                                                                                        1. Effects on Plant Growth
                                                                                                                                        2. Acidification
                                                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Depletion
                                                                                                                                            1. Contamination
                                                                                                                                            2. Biological Degradation
                                                                                                                                              1. Loss of Organic Matter
                                                                                                                                                1. Decline in Microbial Activity
                                                                                                                                                  1. Biodiversity Loss
                                                                                                                                                  2. Desertification
                                                                                                                                                    1. Causes and Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                      1. Global Distribution
                                                                                                                                                        1. Prevention and Control Strategies

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                                                                                                                                                    4. Water Pollution

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                                                                                                                                                    6. Other Forms of Pollution