Plant Stress Physiology

  1. Applications and Research in Plant Stress Physiology
    1. Agricultural and Biotechnological Applications
      1. Breeding for Stress-Tolerant Crops
        1. Conventional Breeding
          1. Marker-Assisted Selection
            1. Genomic Selection
            2. Genetic Engineering for Enhanced Resistance
              1. Transgenic Approaches
                1. Single Gene Transfers
                  1. Multigene Approaches
                  2. Genome Editing
                    1. CRISPR/Cas Systems
                      1. Base Editing
                        1. Prime Editing
                      2. Use of Plant Growth Regulators
                        1. Hormone Applications
                          1. Growth Retardants
                          2. Microbial Inoculants for Stress Alleviation
                            1. Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
                              1. Mycorrhizal Fungi
                                1. Endophytic Microorganisms
                              2. Techniques for Studying Plant Stress
                                1. Physiological Measurements
                                  1. Gas Exchange Analysis
                                    1. Water Potential Measurement
                                      1. Chlorophyll Fluorescence
                                        1. Photosynthetic Rate Determination
                                        2. Biochemical Assays
                                          1. Enzyme Activity Assays
                                            1. Metabolite Quantification
                                              1. Hormone Analysis
                                                1. Antioxidant Measurements
                                                2. Molecular Techniques
                                                  1. Transcriptomics
                                                    1. RNA Sequencing
                                                      1. Microarray Analysis
                                                      2. Proteomics
                                                        1. 2D Gel Electrophoresis
                                                          1. Mass Spectrometry
                                                          2. Metabolomics
                                                            1. GC-MS Analysis
                                                              1. LC-MS Analysis
                                                              2. qPCR and Gene Expression Analysis
                                                              3. High-Throughput Phenotyping
                                                                1. Imaging Technologies
                                                                  1. RGB Imaging
                                                                    1. Hyperspectral Imaging
                                                                      1. Thermal Imaging
                                                                      2. Automated Phenotyping Platforms
                                                                        1. Sensor Networks
                                                                      3. Plant Stress in a Changing Climate
                                                                        1. Elevated CO2 Effects
                                                                          1. Photosynthetic Responses
                                                                            1. Water Use Efficiency
                                                                              1. Nutrient Interactions
                                                                              2. Increased Frequency of Extreme Weather Events
                                                                                1. Droughts
                                                                                  1. Floods
                                                                                    1. Heat Waves
                                                                                      1. Cold Snaps
                                                                                      2. Implications for Food Security and Ecosystems
                                                                                        1. Crop Yield Stability
                                                                                          1. Nutritional Quality Changes
                                                                                            1. Biodiversity Impacts
                                                                                              1. Ecosystem Service Disruption
                                                                                                1. Adaptation Strategies
                                                                                                  1. Crop Diversification
                                                                                                    1. Improved Water Management
                                                                                                      1. Stress-Tolerant Varieties

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                                                                                                6. Stress Interactions and Cross-Tolerance

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                                                                                                1. Introduction to Plant Stress Physiology