Plant Stress Physiology

  1. Cellular and Metabolic Responses to Stress
    1. The Antioxidant Defense System
      1. Enzymatic Antioxidants
        1. Superoxide Dismutase
          1. Cu/Zn-SOD
            1. Mn-SOD
              1. Fe-SOD
              2. Catalase
                1. Ascorbate Peroxidase
                  1. Glutathione Reductase
                    1. Peroxidases
                      1. Guaiacol Peroxidase
                        1. Glutathione Peroxidase
                        2. Dehydroascorbate Reductase
                          1. Monodehydroascorbate Reductase
                          2. Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants
                            1. Ascorbate
                              1. Glutathione
                                1. Tocopherols
                                  1. Carotenoids
                                    1. Beta-Carotene
                                      1. Lutein
                                        1. Zeaxanthin
                                        2. Flavonoids
                                          1. Phenolic Compounds
                                        3. Osmotic Adjustment and Compatible Solutes
                                          1. Proline
                                            1. Biosynthesis
                                              1. Functions
                                                1. Regulation
                                                2. Glycine Betaine
                                                  1. Biosynthesis
                                                    1. Accumulation Patterns
                                                    2. Sugars
                                                      1. Sucrose
                                                        1. Trehalose
                                                          1. Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides
                                                          2. Polyols
                                                            1. Sorbitol
                                                              1. Mannitol
                                                                1. Glycerol
                                                              2. Protein Protection and Repair
                                                                1. Heat Shock Proteins
                                                                  1. HSP70 Family
                                                                    1. HSP60 Family
                                                                      1. HSP90 Family
                                                                        1. Small HSPs
                                                                        2. Molecular Chaperones
                                                                          1. Chaperonins
                                                                            1. Co-Chaperones
                                                                            2. Proteasome-Mediated Protein Degradation
                                                                              1. Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
                                                                                1. Autophagy
                                                                                2. Protein Refolding Mechanisms
                                                                                3. Membrane Stability and Transport
                                                                                  1. Regulation of Membrane Fluidity
                                                                                    1. Fatty Acid Composition Changes
                                                                                      1. Sterol Content Modification
                                                                                      2. Lipid Composition Changes
                                                                                        1. Phospholipid Modifications
                                                                                          1. Galactolipid Changes
                                                                                          2. Aquaporins and Water Transport
                                                                                            1. Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Proteins
                                                                                              1. Tonoplast Intrinsic Proteins
                                                                                              2. Ion Transporters and Channels
                                                                                                1. H+-ATPases
                                                                                                  1. Na+/H+ Antiporters
                                                                                                    1. K+ Channels
                                                                                                      1. Ca2+ Channels
                                                                                                        1. Anion Channels
                                                                                                      2. Photosynthesis and Respiration under Stress
                                                                                                        1. Photoinhibition and Photoprotection
                                                                                                          1. Non-Photochemical Quenching
                                                                                                            1. Xanthophyll Cycle
                                                                                                              1. State Transitions
                                                                                                              2. Stomatal and Non-Stomatal Limitation of Photosynthesis
                                                                                                                1. Diffusion Limitations
                                                                                                                  1. Biochemical Limitations
                                                                                                                  2. Alternative Oxidase Pathway in Respiration
                                                                                                                    1. AOX Function
                                                                                                                      1. Regulation
                                                                                                                      2. Mitochondrial Adjustments
                                                                                                                        1. Respiratory Complex Modifications
                                                                                                                          1. Metabolic Flexibility

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                                                                                                                      4. Core Mechanisms of Stress Perception and Signal Transduction

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                                                                                                                      6. Stress Interactions and Cross-Tolerance