Plant Stress Physiology

  1. Biotic Stress
    1. Pathogen Stress
      1. Types of Plant Pathogens
        1. Fungi
          1. Biotrophic Fungi
            1. Necrotrophic Fungi
              1. Hemibiotrophic Fungi
              2. Bacteria
                1. Gram-Positive Bacteria
                  1. Gram-Negative Bacteria
                  2. Viruses
                    1. RNA Viruses
                      1. DNA Viruses
                      2. Nematodes
                        1. Root-Knot Nematodes
                          1. Cyst Nematodes
                          2. Oomycetes
                          3. The Plant Immune System
                            1. Basal Resistance
                              1. Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
                                1. Pattern Recognition Receptors
                                  1. Early Defense Responses
                                    1. Callose Deposition
                                      1. Antimicrobial Compound Production
                                      2. Effector-Triggered Immunity
                                        1. Pathogen Effectors
                                          1. Resistance Genes and Proteins
                                            1. The Hypersensitive Response
                                              1. Programmed Cell Death
                                                1. Localized Defense Activation
                                                  1. Reactive Oxygen Species Burst
                                                2. Systemic Acquired Resistance
                                                  1. Role of Salicylic Acid
                                                    1. Long-Distance Signaling
                                                      1. Priming of Defense Responses
                                                      2. Induced Systemic Resistance
                                                        1. Role of Jasmonic Acid
                                                          1. Role of Ethylene
                                                            1. Beneficial Microbe Interactions
                                                              1. Root Colonization Effects
                                                          2. Herbivory Stress
                                                            1. Types of Herbivores
                                                              1. Insects
                                                                1. Chewing Insects
                                                                  1. Caterpillars
                                                                    1. Beetles
                                                                    2. Sucking Insects
                                                                      1. Aphids
                                                                        1. Thrips
                                                                          1. Whiteflies
                                                                          2. Mining Insects
                                                                          3. Mammals
                                                                            1. Large Herbivores
                                                                              1. Small Mammals
                                                                              2. Other Herbivores
                                                                                1. Gastropods
                                                                                  1. Mites
                                                                                2. Plant Defenses Against Herbivores
                                                                                  1. Physical and Mechanical Defenses
                                                                                    1. Thorns
                                                                                      1. Spines
                                                                                        1. Trichomes
                                                                                          1. Glandular Trichomes
                                                                                            1. Non-Glandular Trichomes
                                                                                            2. Waxes
                                                                                              1. Lignin Deposition
                                                                                                1. Silica Deposits
                                                                                                2. Chemical Defenses
                                                                                                  1. Terpenoids
                                                                                                    1. Monoterpenes
                                                                                                      1. Sesquiterpenes
                                                                                                        1. Diterpenes
                                                                                                        2. Phenolics
                                                                                                          1. Tannins
                                                                                                            1. Lignins
                                                                                                              1. Flavonoids
                                                                                                              2. Nitrogen-Containing Compounds
                                                                                                                1. Alkaloids
                                                                                                                  1. Glucosinolates
                                                                                                                    1. Cyanogenic Glycosides
                                                                                                                      1. Non-Protein Amino Acids
                                                                                                                    2. Indirect Defenses
                                                                                                                      1. Volatile Organic Compounds
                                                                                                                        1. Extrafloral Nectaries
                                                                                                                          1. Attraction of Natural Enemies
                                                                                                                            1. Domatia Provision
                                                                                                                            2. Induced Defenses
                                                                                                                              1. Role of Jasmonic Acid
                                                                                                                                1. Systemic Signaling
                                                                                                                                  1. Wound-Induced Responses
                                                                                                                                    1. Priming Effects

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                                                                                                                              2. Abiotic Stress

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                                                                                                                              4. Core Mechanisms of Stress Perception and Signal Transduction