Plant Stress Physiology

4.

Core Mechanisms of Stress Perception and Signal Transduction

4.1.

Stress Sensing and Perception

4.1.1.

Membrane-Based Sensors

4.1.1.1.

Mechanosensitive Channels

4.1.1.2.

4.1.1.2.1.

Calcium Channels

4.1.1.2.2.

Potassium Channels

4.1.1.2.3.

Sodium Channels

4.1.1.3.

4.1.2.

Receptors for Hormones and Elicitors

4.1.2.1.

Receptor-Like Kinases

4.1.2.2.

G-Protein Coupled Receptors

4.1.2.3.

Hormone Receptors

4.1.2.4.

Elicitor Receptors

4.1.3.

Changes in Cellular Redox State

4.1.3.1.

Redox-Sensitive Proteins

4.1.3.2.

4.1.3.3.

Redox Homeostasis

4.1.4.

Physical State of the Cytosol

4.1.4.1.

Turgor Pressure Changes

4.1.4.2.

Cytoskeletal Rearrangement

4.1.4.3.

Protein Conformational Changes

4.2.

Signal Transduction Pathways

4.2.1.

Calcium Signaling

4.2.1.1.

Calcium Signatures

4.2.1.2.

4.2.1.3.

Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases

4.2.1.4.

Calcineurin B-Like Proteins

4.2.2.

Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling

4.2.2.1.

4.2.2.1.1.

4.2.2.1.2.

4.2.2.1.3.

4.2.2.1.4.

4.2.2.2.

Dual Role of ROS

4.2.2.3.

The Oxidative Burst

4.2.2.4.

ROS Scavenging Systems

4.2.3.

Protein Kinase Cascades

4.2.3.1.

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

4.2.3.2.

Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases

4.2.3.3.

Downstream Targets

4.2.3.4.

Phosphatase Regulation

4.2.4.

Phospholipid Signaling

4.2.4.1.

Phospholipase C Pathway

4.2.4.2.

Phospholipase D Pathway

4.2.4.3.

Inositol Phosphates

4.2.4.4.

Phosphatidic Acid

4.3.

Hormonal Regulation of Stress Responses

4.3.1.

4.3.1.1.

Biosynthesis and Catabolism

4.3.1.2.

Signal Transduction

4.3.1.3.

Role in Stomatal Regulation

4.3.1.4.

Stress-Responsive Gene Expression

4.3.2.

4.3.2.1.

4.3.2.2.

Role in Pathogen Defense

4.3.2.3.

Systemic Signaling

4.3.3.

Jasmonic Acid and Jasmonates

4.3.3.1.

4.3.3.2.

Role in Wounding and Herbivory

4.3.3.3.

Gene Expression Regulation

4.3.4.

4.3.4.1.

4.3.4.2.

Role in Multiple Stress Responses

4.3.4.3.

Receptor and Signaling

4.3.5.

4.3.5.1.

Growth Regulation under Stress

4.3.5.2.

Root Development

4.3.6.

4.3.6.1.

Cell Division and Stress

4.3.6.2.

Senescence Regulation

4.3.7.

4.3.7.1.

Growth Modulation under Stress

4.3.7.2.

DELLA Protein Regulation

4.3.8.

Brassinosteroids

4.3.8.1.

Stress Tolerance Enhancement

4.3.8.2.

Growth Regulation

4.3.9.

4.3.9.1.

Role in Stress and Symbiosis

4.3.9.2.

Shoot Branching Control

4.4.

Transcriptional Regulation and Gene Expression

4.4.1.

Transcription Factors

4.4.1.1.

4.4.1.2.

4.4.1.3.

4.4.1.4.

4.4.1.5.

4.4.1.6.

4.4.1.7.

DREB/CBF Family

4.4.2.

Stress-Responsive Gene Promoters and Cis-Acting Elements

4.4.2.1.

ABA-Responsive Element

4.4.2.2.

Dehydration-Responsive Element

4.4.2.3.

Low Temperature Responsive Element

4.4.2.4.

Pathogen-Responsive Elements

4.4.3.

Epigenetic Regulation

4.4.3.1.

DNA Methylation

4.4.3.2.

Histone Modification

4.4.3.2.1.

Histone Acetylation

4.4.3.2.2.

Histone Methylation

4.4.3.3.

Small RNAs and Gene Silencing

4.4.3.3.1.

4.4.3.3.2.

4.4.3.4.

Chromatin Remodeling

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5. Cellular and Metabolic Responses to Stress