Plant Stress Physiology

  1. Abiotic Stress
    1. Water Stress
      1. Drought Stress
        1. Perception of Water Deficit
          1. Sensing Soil Moisture
            1. Root-to-Shoot Signaling
              1. Hydraulic Signals
                1. Chemical Signals
                2. Physiological Responses
                  1. Stomatal Closure
                    1. Guard Cell Regulation
                      1. ABA-Mediated Stomatal Control
                        1. Hydraulic Control
                        2. Reduced Transpiration
                          1. Leaf Rolling and Wilting
                            1. Root Growth Modification
                              1. Deep Rooting
                                1. Lateral Root Proliferation
                                  1. Root Hair Development
                                  2. Leaf Area Reduction
                                    1. Cuticular Wax Accumulation
                                    2. Biochemical and Molecular Responses
                                      1. Osmotic Adjustment
                                        1. Accumulation of Osmolytes
                                          1. Proline
                                            1. Glycine Betaine
                                              1. Polyols
                                                1. Sugars
                                                2. Synthesis of Late Embryogenesis Abundant Proteins
                                                  1. Role of Abscisic Acid
                                                    1. ABA Biosynthesis
                                                      1. ABA Signaling Pathways
                                                        1. ABA Transport
                                                        2. Antioxidant System Activation
                                                      2. Flooding and Anoxia Stress
                                                        1. Oxygen Deprivation
                                                          1. Hypoxia vs. Anoxia
                                                            1. Sensing Low Oxygen
                                                              1. Oxygen Diffusion Limitations
                                                              2. Physiological Responses
                                                                1. Aerenchyma Formation
                                                                  1. Adventitious Root Growth
                                                                    1. Stomatal Closure
                                                                      1. Hypertrophy of Lenticels
                                                                        1. Barrier Formation
                                                                        2. Metabolic Adjustments
                                                                          1. Anaerobic Respiration
                                                                            1. Fermentation Pathways
                                                                              1. Ethanol Fermentation
                                                                                1. Lactate Fermentation
                                                                                  1. Alanine Fermentation
                                                                                  2. Energy Conservation Strategies
                                                                                    1. Role of Ethylene
                                                                                      1. Ethylene Biosynthesis
                                                                                        1. Ethylene Signaling
                                                                                          1. Ethylene-Mediated Responses
                                                                                    2. Temperature Stress
                                                                                      1. High Temperature Stress
                                                                                        1. Effects on Membranes and Proteins
                                                                                          1. Membrane Fluidity Changes
                                                                                            1. Protein Denaturation
                                                                                              1. Enzyme Inactivation
                                                                                                1. Membrane Permeability
                                                                                                2. Photosynthesis Inhibition
                                                                                                  1. Rubisco Inactivation
                                                                                                    1. Thylakoid Membrane Damage
                                                                                                      1. Photosystem II Damage
                                                                                                        1. Electron Transport Disruption
                                                                                                        2. Production of Heat Shock Proteins
                                                                                                          1. Classes of HSPs
                                                                                                            1. Chaperone Functions
                                                                                                              1. HSP Gene Expression
                                                                                                              2. Thermotolerance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                1. Acquired Thermotolerance
                                                                                                                  1. Heat Stress Memory
                                                                                                                    1. Cellular Protection Strategies
                                                                                                                  2. Low Temperature Stress
                                                                                                                    1. Chilling Injury
                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Phase Transitions
                                                                                                                        1. Enzyme Inactivation
                                                                                                                          1. Metabolic Disruption
                                                                                                                            1. Photosynthetic Inhibition
                                                                                                                            2. Freezing Injury
                                                                                                                              1. Intracellular Ice Formation
                                                                                                                                1. Extracellular Ice Formation
                                                                                                                                  1. Cellular Dehydration
                                                                                                                                    1. Membrane Damage
                                                                                                                                    2. Cold Acclimation
                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Fluidity Adjustment
                                                                                                                                        1. Accumulation of Cryoprotectants
                                                                                                                                          1. Sugars
                                                                                                                                            1. Proline
                                                                                                                                              1. Glycerol
                                                                                                                                              2. Antifreeze Proteins
                                                                                                                                                1. Gene Expression Changes
                                                                                                                                            2. Salinity Stress
                                                                                                                                              1. Primary Effects
                                                                                                                                                1. Osmotic Stress
                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Uptake Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                    1. Turgor Loss
                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Reduction
                                                                                                                                                      2. Ion Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                        1. Sodium Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                          1. Chloride Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                            1. Potassium Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                          2. Plant Responses
                                                                                                                                                            1. Ion Homeostasis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Sodium/Hydrogen Antiporters
                                                                                                                                                                1. Selective Ion Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ion Transport Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Ion Sequestration in Vacuoles
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Salt Glands and Bladders in Halophytes
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Synthesis of Compatible Solutes
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Proline
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Glycine Betaine
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Polyols
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Antioxidant Defense Activation
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nutrient Stress
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nutrient Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Macronutrient Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nitrogen
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chlorophyll Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Growth Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Protein Synthesis Impairment
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Phosphorus
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Energy Metabolism Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Root Development Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Anthocyanin Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Potassium
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Osmotic Regulation Problems
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Activation Issues
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Disease Susceptibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Sulfur
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Calcium
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Magnesium
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Micronutrient Deficiency
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Iron
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chlorosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Photosynthetic Impairment
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Zinc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Growth Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Function Disruption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Manganese
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Photosystem II Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Copper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Boron
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Molybdenum
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Deficiency Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Visual Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Physiological Indicators
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biochemical Markers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nutrient Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Excessive Nutrient Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Toxicity Symptoms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Imbalances
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Light Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. High Light Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Damage to Photosystem II
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Non-Photochemical Quenching
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Xanthophyll Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reactive Oxygen Species Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Photoprotective Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Carotenoid Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Anthocyanin Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Leaf Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Low Light Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Shade Avoidance Syndrome
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stem Elongation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Leaf Morphology Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Flowering Delay
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Photosynthetic Adjustment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chlorophyll Content Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antenna Complex Modifications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. UV Radiation Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. DNA Damage and Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pyrimidine Dimer Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Photoreactivation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Excision Repair
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Accumulation of UV-Absorbing Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flavonoids
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Phenolic Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sinapate Esters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Morphological Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Heavy Metal Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sources and Types of Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cadmium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Lead
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mercury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Arsenic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chromium
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Nickel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Copper
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Zinc
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mechanisms of Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Disruption of Enzyme Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Oxidative Stress Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Membrane Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Protein Binding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. DNA Damage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Tolerance Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Chelation by Phytochelatins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chelation by Metallothioneins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sequestration in Vacuoles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Exclusion from Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Antioxidant Defense Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Metal Efflux Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Mechanical Stress
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Wind
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical Sensing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Structural Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Thigmomorphogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Touch
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Signal Transduction Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Growth Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Calcium Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Physical Injury
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wound Healing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Callose Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lignin Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Suberization

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Introduction to Plant Stress Physiology

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Biotic Stress