Plant Development

  1. Environmental Control of Development
    1. Light (Photomorphogenesis)
      1. Photoreceptors
        1. Phytochromes
          1. Red/Far-red Light Perception
            1. Spectral Sensitivity
              1. Conformational Changes
                1. Signal Transduction
                2. Role in Seed Germination
                  1. Dormancy Breaking
                    1. Germination Promotion
                      1. Light Requirements
                      2. Role in Shade Avoidance
                        1. R:FR Ratio Detection
                          1. Elongation Responses
                            1. Competitive Advantage
                          2. Cryptochromes
                            1. Blue/UV-A Light Perception
                              1. Photochemical Reactions
                                1. Protein Conformations
                                  1. Signal Activation
                                  2. Regulation of Circadian Rhythms
                                    1. Clock Entrainment
                                      1. Period Adjustment
                                        1. Phase Setting
                                      2. Phototropins
                                        1. Blue Light Perception
                                          1. Photochemical Activation
                                            1. Kinase Activity
                                              1. Signal Transduction
                                              2. Phototropic Responses
                                                1. Directional Growth
                                                  1. Auxin Redistribution
                                                    1. Curvature Mechanisms
                                                2. Skotomorphogenesis (Development in Darkness)
                                                  1. Etiolation Syndrome
                                                    1. Elongated Hypocotyl
                                                      1. Reduced Leaf Development
                                                        1. Apical Hook Formation
                                                        2. Suppression of Photomorphogenic Pathways
                                                          1. Chloroplast Development Inhibition
                                                            1. Photosynthetic Gene Repression
                                                              1. Light-Responsive Gene Silencing
                                                            2. De-etiolation (Greening)
                                                              1. Chloroplast Development
                                                                1. Thylakoid Formation
                                                                  1. Chlorophyll Synthesis
                                                                    1. Photosystem Assembly
                                                                    2. Light-Induced Gene Expression
                                                                      1. Photosynthetic Genes
                                                                        1. Chloroplast Biogenesis
                                                                          1. Metabolic Enzymes
                                                                        2. Shade Avoidance Syndrome
                                                                          1. Elongation Growth
                                                                            1. Stem Extension
                                                                              1. Petiole Elongation
                                                                                1. Internode Stretching
                                                                                2. Phytochrome-Mediated Responses
                                                                                  1. R:FR Ratio Sensing
                                                                                    1. Neighbor Detection
                                                                                      1. Competitive Responses
                                                                                    2. Phototropism
                                                                                      1. Directional Growth Toward Light
                                                                                        1. Unilateral Light Response
                                                                                          1. Curvature Development
                                                                                            1. Optimal Light Capture
                                                                                            2. Auxin Redistribution
                                                                                              1. Lateral Auxin Transport
                                                                                                1. Asymmetric Distribution
                                                                                                  1. Differential Growth
                                                                                                2. Photoperiodism and Flowering Time
                                                                                                  1. Critical Daylength
                                                                                                    1. Photoperiod Measurement
                                                                                                      1. Threshold Responses
                                                                                                        1. Seasonal Timing
                                                                                                        2. Long-Day Plants
                                                                                                          1. Summer Flowering
                                                                                                            1. Extended Photoperiods
                                                                                                              1. Northern Latitudes
                                                                                                              2. Short-Day Plants
                                                                                                                1. Fall Flowering
                                                                                                                  1. Reduced Photoperiods
                                                                                                                    1. Tropical Origins
                                                                                                                2. Temperature
                                                                                                                  1. Thermomorphogenesis
                                                                                                                    1. Temperature-Dependent Growth Responses
                                                                                                                      1. Elongation Responses
                                                                                                                        1. Leaf Morphology Changes
                                                                                                                          1. Developmental Rate
                                                                                                                          2. Heat Shock Proteins
                                                                                                                            1. Protein Protection
                                                                                                                              1. Cellular Repair
                                                                                                                                1. Stress Tolerance
                                                                                                                              2. Vernalization: Cold-induced Flowering
                                                                                                                                1. Molecular Basis of Vernalization
                                                                                                                                  1. FLC Repression
                                                                                                                                    1. Chromatin Modification
                                                                                                                                      1. Epigenetic Memory
                                                                                                                                      2. Epigenetic Memory
                                                                                                                                        1. Histone Modifications
                                                                                                                                          1. DNA Methylation
                                                                                                                                            1. Stable Repression
                                                                                                                                          2. Heat Stress Responses
                                                                                                                                            1. Heat Shock Response Pathways
                                                                                                                                              1. HSP Induction
                                                                                                                                                1. Protein Folding
                                                                                                                                                  1. Cellular Protection
                                                                                                                                                  2. Acclimation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Adjustments
                                                                                                                                                      1. Membrane Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                        1. Antioxidant Systems
                                                                                                                                                    2. Gravity (Gravitropism)
                                                                                                                                                      1. Perception of Gravity (Statoliths)
                                                                                                                                                        1. Amyloplast Sedimentation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Dense Organelles
                                                                                                                                                            1. Gravity Sensing
                                                                                                                                                              1. Positional Information
                                                                                                                                                              2. Sensing Cells in Roots and Shoots
                                                                                                                                                                1. Columella Cells
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Endodermal Cells
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Specialized Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Differential Growth Response
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Auxin Redistribution
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Polar Transport
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Asymmetric Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Growth Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Curvature Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Differential Cell Elongation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Growth Rate Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Directional Responses
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Water Availability
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Drought Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Stomatal Closure
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Water Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gas Exchange Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Turgor Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. ABA Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormone Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gene Expression Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Growth Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Division Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Expansion Limitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Resource Conservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Hydrotropism
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Root Growth Toward Moisture
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Water Gradient Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Directional Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Survival Advantage
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Sensing and Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Water Potential Sensing
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Signal Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Growth Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Mechanical Stimuli (Thigmomorphogenesis)
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Wind and Touch Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanosensitive Channels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical Force Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ion Channel Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Growth Modulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reduced Elongation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Increased Radial Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structural Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Structural Reinforcement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Wall Thickening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Lignification Increase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mechanical Strength

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                          5. Internal Regulatory Mechanisms

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                          7. Specialized Developmental Processes