Plant Development

  1. Reproductive Development
    1. The Floral Transition (Evocation)
      1. Competence to Flower
        1. Juvenile to Adult Phase Change
          1. Developmental Maturation
            1. Physiological Changes
              1. Morphological Markers
              2. Environmental and Endogenous Cues
                1. External Signals
                  1. Internal Developmental State
                    1. Signal Integration
                  2. Floral Induction Pathways
                    1. Photoperiodic Pathway
                      1. Daylength Perception
                        1. Light Duration Measurement
                          1. Circadian Clock Integration
                            1. Critical Photoperiod
                            2. CONSTANS and FT Genes
                              1. CO Protein Function
                                1. FT Florigen Activity
                                  1. Long-Distance Signaling
                                2. Autonomous Pathway
                                  1. Internal Developmental Signals
                                    1. Metabolic Status
                                      1. Developmental Timing
                                    2. Vernalization Pathway
                                      1. Cold Exposure Requirements
                                        1. Temperature Duration
                                          1. Chilling Accumulation
                                            1. Memory Formation
                                            2. FLC Gene Regulation
                                              1. Repressor Function
                                                1. Chromatin Modification
                                                  1. Epigenetic Control
                                                2. Gibberellin Pathway
                                                  1. Hormonal Promotion of Flowering
                                                    1. GA Biosynthesis
                                                      1. Signal Transduction
                                                        1. Target Gene Activation
                                                    2. Integration of Signals at the SAM
                                                      1. Floral Integrator Genes
                                                        1. Signal Convergence
                                                          1. Pathway Integration
                                                            1. Flowering Decision
                                                            2. Transition from Vegetative to Reproductive State
                                                              1. Meristem Identity Change
                                                                1. Gene Expression Shifts
                                                                  1. Developmental Reprogramming
                                                              2. Flower Development
                                                                1. Floral Meristem Identity
                                                                  1. LEAFY and APETALA1 Genes
                                                                    1. Meristem Identity Genes
                                                                      1. Floral Program Activation
                                                                        1. Regulatory Networks
                                                                        2. Determinacy of Floral Meristem
                                                                          1. Limited Growth Potential
                                                                            1. Organ Number Control
                                                                              1. Termination Mechanisms
                                                                            2. Inflorescence Architecture
                                                                              1. Types of Inflorescences
                                                                                1. Raceme Organization
                                                                                  1. Panicle Structure
                                                                                    1. Cyme Patterns
                                                                                    2. Branching Patterns
                                                                                      1. Determinate Growth
                                                                                        1. Indeterminate Growth
                                                                                          1. Mixed Patterns
                                                                                        2. Floral Organ Primordia
                                                                                          1. Initiation Sequence
                                                                                            1. Temporal Order
                                                                                              1. Spatial Arrangement
                                                                                                1. Developmental Timing
                                                                                                2. Spatial Arrangement
                                                                                                  1. Whorl Organization
                                                                                                    1. Organ Positioning
                                                                                                      1. Symmetry Patterns
                                                                                                    2. The ABCDE Model of Floral Organ Identity
                                                                                                      1. Class A Genes
                                                                                                        1. Sepal Identity
                                                                                                          1. Outer Whorl Specification
                                                                                                            1. Protective Function
                                                                                                              1. Green Organ Development
                                                                                                              2. Petal Identity (with Class B)
                                                                                                                1. Second Whorl Specification
                                                                                                                  1. Attractive Function
                                                                                                                    1. Colored Organ Development
                                                                                                                  2. Class B Genes
                                                                                                                    1. Petal Identity (with Class A)
                                                                                                                      1. Petal Specification
                                                                                                                        1. Attractive Features
                                                                                                                          1. Pigmentation Patterns
                                                                                                                          2. Stamen Identity (with Class C)
                                                                                                                            1. Male Organ Specification
                                                                                                                              1. Pollen Production
                                                                                                                                1. Anther Development
                                                                                                                              2. Class C Genes
                                                                                                                                1. Stamen Identity (with Class B)
                                                                                                                                  1. Male Reproductive Organs
                                                                                                                                    1. Pollen Formation
                                                                                                                                      1. Anther Structure
                                                                                                                                      2. Carpel Identity
                                                                                                                                        1. Female Organ Specification
                                                                                                                                          1. Ovule Production
                                                                                                                                            1. Pistil Development
                                                                                                                                          2. Class D Genes
                                                                                                                                            1. Ovule Identity
                                                                                                                                              1. Ovule Specification
                                                                                                                                                1. Female Gamete Development
                                                                                                                                                  1. Seed Formation
                                                                                                                                                2. Class E Genes
                                                                                                                                                  1. Specification of All Whorls
                                                                                                                                                    1. General Floral Identity
                                                                                                                                                      1. Organ Development
                                                                                                                                                        1. Floral Structure
                                                                                                                                                  2. Gametophyte Development
                                                                                                                                                    1. Male Gametophyte (Pollen Grain)
                                                                                                                                                      1. Microsporogenesis
                                                                                                                                                        1. Meiotic Division
                                                                                                                                                          1. Microspore Formation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Tetrad Development
                                                                                                                                                            2. Microgametogenesis
                                                                                                                                                              1. Pollen Grain Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Generative Cell Formation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Vegetative Cell Development
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Pollen Wall Formation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Exine Development
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intine Formation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Surface Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Female Gametophyte (Embryo Sac)
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Megasporogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Meiotic Division
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Megaspore Formation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functional Megaspore Selection
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Megagametogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Nuclear Divisions
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Embryo Sac Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Embryo Sac Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Eight-Nucleate Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cell Types and Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Polar Nuclei Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Pollination and Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Pollen-Pistil Interaction
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pollen Adhesion and Hydration
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stigma Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Water Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pollen Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Self-Incompatibility Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Recognition Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rejection Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Genetic Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Pollen Tube Guidance
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemotropic Signals
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Attractant Molecules
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Guidance Cues
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Directional Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Pollen Tube Growth Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Tip Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Wall Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cytoplasmic Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Double Fertilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sperm Cell Delivery
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pollen Tube Discharge
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sperm Cell Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gamete Fusion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Formation of Zygote and Endosperm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Embryo Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Endosperm Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Seed Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Seed and Fruit Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Endosperm Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nuclear Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Free Nuclear Division
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Liquid Endosperm
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cellularization Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cellular Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Early Cell Wall Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tissue Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Storage Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Helobial Type
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Intermediate Pattern
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Partial Cellularization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mixed Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Nutrient Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Storage Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Starch Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Lipid Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Embryo Maturation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Desiccation Tolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Loss Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Protective Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Metabolic Shutdown
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Storage Reserve Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Protein Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lipid Deposition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Carbohydrate Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Fruit Set and Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Ovary Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fruit Wall Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Size Increase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tissue Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hormonal Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Auxin Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gibberellin Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cytokinin Roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Fruit Ripening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biochemical Changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sugar Accumulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acid Reduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pigment Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Ethylene Signaling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hormone Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ripening Cascade
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Senescence Initiation

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Vegetative Development: The Plant Body

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    5. Internal Regulatory Mechanisms