Plant Development

  1. Embryogenesis and Germination
    1. Zygote Formation and First Division
      1. Fertilization Process
        1. Sperm Cell Delivery
          1. Nuclear Fusion
            1. Zygote Activation
            2. Asymmetric Zygote Division
              1. Division Plane Orientation
                1. Cell Size Differences
                  1. Cytoplasmic Partitioning
                  2. Apical and Basal Cell Fates
                    1. Apical Cell Destiny
                      1. Basal Cell Functions
                        1. Fate Determination Mechanisms
                      2. Pattern Formation in the Embryo
                        1. Globular Stage
                          1. Cell Division Patterns
                            1. Radial Cell Files
                              1. Tissue Layer Formation
                                1. Symmetrical Growth
                                2. Establishment of Embryonic Axes
                                  1. Apical-Basal Polarity
                                    1. Radial Organization
                                      1. Bilateral Symmetry
                                    2. Heart Stage
                                      1. Cotyledon Initiation
                                        1. Primordium Formation
                                          1. Bilateral Symmetry Establishment
                                            1. Growth Pattern Changes
                                            2. Shoot and Root Pole Formation
                                              1. Apical Meristem Specification
                                                1. Root Meristem Organization
                                                  1. Axis Elongation
                                                2. Torpedo Stage
                                                  1. Elongation of Embryo
                                                    1. Longitudinal Growth
                                                      1. Organ Elongation
                                                        1. Shape Transformation
                                                        2. Tissue Differentiation
                                                          1. Vascular Tissue Formation
                                                            1. Ground Tissue Development
                                                              1. Epidermal Layer Specification
                                                            2. Cotyledon Stage
                                                              1. Maturation of Embryonic Structures
                                                                1. Organ Completion
                                                                  1. Meristem Establishment
                                                                    1. Storage Reserve Accumulation
                                                                    2. Preparation for Desiccation
                                                                      1. Water Loss Tolerance
                                                                        1. Metabolic Shutdown
                                                                          1. Protective Mechanisms
                                                                      2. Establishment of Primary Meristems
                                                                        1. Protoderm
                                                                          1. Epidermis Formation
                                                                            1. Outer Cell Layer Specification
                                                                              1. Cuticle Development
                                                                                1. Stomatal Precursor Formation
                                                                              2. Ground Meristem
                                                                                1. Cortex Development
                                                                                  1. Storage Tissue Formation
                                                                                    1. Structural Support
                                                                                      1. Metabolic Functions
                                                                                      2. Pith Development
                                                                                        1. Central Tissue Formation
                                                                                          1. Storage Functions
                                                                                            1. Structural Support
                                                                                          2. Procambium
                                                                                            1. Vascular Tissue Initiation
                                                                                              1. Xylem Precursor Formation
                                                                                                1. Phloem Precursor Development
                                                                                                  1. Cambial Initial Specification
                                                                                              2. Seed Structure and Composition
                                                                                                1. Embryo
                                                                                                  1. Shoot Apical Meristem
                                                                                                    1. Stem Cell Niche
                                                                                                      1. Organ Initiation Potential
                                                                                                        1. Growth Point Formation
                                                                                                        2. Root Apical Meristem
                                                                                                          1. Root Growth Initiation
                                                                                                            1. Gravitropic Response Center
                                                                                                              1. Primary Root Formation
                                                                                                              2. Cotyledons
                                                                                                                1. Storage Organs
                                                                                                                  1. First Leaves
                                                                                                                    1. Nutrient Mobilization
                                                                                                                  2. Endosperm
                                                                                                                    1. Cellularization
                                                                                                                      1. Nuclear Division
                                                                                                                        1. Cell Wall Formation
                                                                                                                          1. Tissue Organization
                                                                                                                          2. Nutrient Storage
                                                                                                                            1. Starch Accumulation
                                                                                                                              1. Protein Deposition
                                                                                                                                1. Lipid Storage
                                                                                                                              2. Seed Coat (Testa)
                                                                                                                                1. Protective Layers
                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanical Protection
                                                                                                                                    1. Water Regulation
                                                                                                                                      1. Gas Exchange Control
                                                                                                                                      2. Origin from Maternal Tissue
                                                                                                                                        1. Integument Development
                                                                                                                                          1. Maternal Control
                                                                                                                                            1. Protective Function
                                                                                                                                        2. Seed Dormancy
                                                                                                                                          1. Physiological Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                            1. Hormonal Regulation
                                                                                                                                              1. ABA Promotion of Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                1. GA Promotion of Germination
                                                                                                                                                  1. Hormone Balance
                                                                                                                                                  2. Physical Barriers
                                                                                                                                                    1. Hard Seed Coats
                                                                                                                                                      1. Impermeable Layers
                                                                                                                                                        1. Mechanical Constraints
                                                                                                                                                      2. Environmental Control of Dormancy
                                                                                                                                                        1. Temperature Requirements
                                                                                                                                                          1. Chilling Requirements
                                                                                                                                                            1. Heat Treatments
                                                                                                                                                              1. Temperature Cycling
                                                                                                                                                              2. Light Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                                                1. Phytochrome Responses
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Light Quality Effects
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Photoperiodic Control
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Scarification and Stratification
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Physical Scarification
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chemical Treatments
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cold Stratification
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Germination
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Water Imbibition
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Phases of Water Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Rapid Initial Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Plateau Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Growth-Associated Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Activation of Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enzyme Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Respiratory Increase
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Protein Synthesis
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Mobilization of Stored Reserves
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Enzymatic Breakdown of Starch
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Amylase Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sugar Production
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Energy Release
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Protein Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Protease Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Amino Acid Release
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nitrogen Mobilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Lipid Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Lipase Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Fatty Acid Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Gluconeogenesis
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Transport to Growing Embryo
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vascular Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Nutrient Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Translocation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Radicle Emergence
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Epigeal Germination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cotyledon Emergence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Hypocotyl Elongation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Above-Ground Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hypogeal Germination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cotyledon Retention
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Epicotyl Elongation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Below-Ground Storage
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Environmental Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Temperature Optima
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Moisture Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Oxygen Availability

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fundamentals of Plant Development

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Vegetative Development: The Plant Body