Plant Development

5.

Internal Regulatory Mechanisms

5.1.

Genetic Control

5.1.1.

Transcription Factors in Development

5.1.1.1.

MADS-box Family

5.1.1.1.1.

Roles in Flower Development

5.1.1.1.1.1.

Floral Organ Identity

5.1.1.1.1.2.

Flowering Time Control

5.1.1.1.1.3.

Reproductive Development

5.1.1.1.2.

Roles in Fruit Development

5.1.1.1.2.1.

5.1.1.1.2.2.

Seed Development

5.1.1.1.2.3.

Maturation Processes

5.1.1.2.

Homeobox (HD-Zip) Family

5.1.1.2.1.

Roles in Patterning

5.1.1.2.1.1.

5.1.1.2.1.2.

Tissue Organization

5.1.1.2.1.3.

Developmental Boundaries

5.1.1.2.2.

Roles in Polarity

5.1.1.2.2.1.

Apical-Basal Polarity

5.1.1.2.2.2.

Radial Patterning

5.1.1.2.2.3.

5.1.1.3.

5.1.1.3.1.

Regulation of Growth

5.1.1.3.1.1.

Cell Division Control

5.1.1.3.1.2.

Organ Size Regulation

5.1.1.3.1.3.

Growth Coordination

5.1.1.3.2.

Regulation of Morphogenesis

5.1.1.3.2.1.

5.1.1.3.2.2.

Branching Patterns

5.1.1.3.2.3.

Developmental Timing

5.1.1.4.

5.1.1.4.1.

Control of Cell Fate

5.1.1.4.1.1.

Cell Type Specification

5.1.1.4.1.2.

Differentiation Programs

5.1.1.4.1.3.

Identity Maintenance

5.1.1.4.2.

Control of Differentiation

5.1.1.4.2.1.

Tissue Development

5.1.1.4.2.2.

Specialized Cell Formation

5.1.1.4.2.3.

Metabolic Pathways

5.1.2.

Gene Regulatory Networks

5.1.2.1.

Network Topologies

5.1.2.1.1.

Hierarchical Organization

5.1.2.1.2.

Modular Structure

5.1.2.1.3.

Connectivity Patterns

5.1.2.2.

Feedback and Feedforward Loops

5.1.2.2.1.

Positive Feedback

5.1.2.2.2.

Negative Feedback

5.1.2.2.3.

Feedforward Control

5.1.2.3.

Integration of Environmental and Endogenous Signals

5.1.2.3.1.

Signal Convergence

5.1.2.3.2.

Response Coordination

5.1.2.3.3.

Adaptive Responses

5.1.3.

Small RNAs in Patterning

5.1.3.1.

microRNAs (miRNAs)

5.1.3.1.1.

Biogenesis and Function

5.1.3.1.1.1.

Processing Pathways

5.1.3.1.1.2.

Target Recognition

5.1.3.1.1.3.

Silencing Mechanisms

5.1.3.1.2.

Target Gene Regulation

5.1.3.1.2.1.

5.1.3.1.2.2.

Translation Inhibition

5.1.3.1.2.3.

Developmental Control

5.1.3.2.

trans-acting siRNAs (ta-siRNAs)

5.1.3.2.1.

Biogenesis and Function

5.1.3.2.1.1.

Processing Mechanisms

5.1.3.2.1.2.

Target Specificity

5.1.3.2.1.3.

Regulatory Roles

5.1.4.

Epigenetic Regulation

5.1.4.1.

DNA Methylation

5.1.4.1.1.

Maintenance Methylation

5.1.4.1.1.1.

Replication-Coupled

5.1.4.1.1.2.

5.1.4.1.1.3.

Inheritance Patterns

5.1.4.1.2.

De Novo Methylation

5.1.4.1.2.1.

New Site Methylation

5.1.4.1.2.2.

5.1.4.1.2.3.

Developmental Timing

5.1.4.2.

Histone Modification

5.1.4.2.1.

5.1.4.2.1.1.

Gene Activation

5.1.4.2.1.2.

Chromatin Opening

5.1.4.2.1.3.

Transcriptional Control

5.1.4.2.2.

5.1.4.2.2.1.

5.1.4.2.2.2.

Chromatin Compaction

5.1.4.2.2.3.

Developmental Memory

5.1.4.2.3.

Phosphorylation

5.1.4.2.3.1.

Cell Cycle Control

5.1.4.2.3.2.

Signal Transduction

5.1.4.2.3.3.

Chromatin Dynamics

5.1.4.3.

Chromatin Remodeling

5.1.4.3.1.

Nucleosome Positioning

5.1.4.3.1.1.

DNA Accessibility

5.1.4.3.1.2.

Transcription Factor Binding

5.1.4.3.1.3.

Regulatory Element Exposure

5.1.4.3.2.

Chromatin Accessibility

5.1.4.3.2.1.

Open Chromatin Regions

5.1.4.3.2.2.

Closed Chromatin Domains

5.1.4.3.2.3.

Developmental Transitions

5.2.

Hormonal Control (Phytohormones)

5.2.1.

5.2.1.1.

Biosynthesis Pathways

5.2.1.1.1.

Enzymatic Steps

5.2.1.1.2.

Precursor Molecules

5.2.1.1.3.

Regulatory Control

5.2.1.2.

Transport Mechanisms

5.2.1.2.1.

Long-Distance Transport

5.2.1.2.2.

Cell-to-Cell Movement

5.2.1.2.3.

Polar Transport

5.2.1.3.

Perception and Receptor Proteins

5.2.1.3.1.

Hormone Binding

5.2.1.3.2.

Signal Recognition

5.2.1.3.3.

Receptor Activation

5.2.1.4.

Signal Transduction Pathways

5.2.1.4.1.

Second Messengers

5.2.1.4.2.

Protein Cascades

5.2.1.4.3.

Gene Expression Changes

5.2.1.5.

Crosstalk and Signal Integration

5.2.1.5.1.

Hormone Interactions

5.2.1.5.2.

Pathway Convergence

5.2.1.5.3.

Response Coordination

5.2.2.

Major Hormone Classes

5.2.2.1.

5.2.2.1.1.

Role in Cell Elongation

5.2.2.1.1.1.

Cell Wall Loosening

5.2.2.1.1.2.

Turgor Pressure

5.2.2.1.1.3.

Growth Promotion

5.2.2.1.2.

Apical Dominance

5.2.2.1.2.1.

Shoot Branching Control

5.2.2.1.2.2.

Lateral Bud Suppression

5.2.2.1.2.3.

Architectural Control

5.2.2.1.3.

Tropic Responses

5.2.2.1.3.1.

5.2.2.1.3.2.

5.2.2.1.3.3.

5.2.2.2.

5.2.2.2.1.

Promotion of Cell Division

5.2.2.2.1.1.

Cell Cycle Progression

5.2.2.2.1.2.

Meristem Activity

5.2.2.2.1.3.

Organ Development

5.2.2.2.2.

Delay of Senescence

5.2.2.2.2.1.

5.2.2.2.2.2.

Nutrient Mobilization

5.2.2.2.2.3.

5.2.2.3.

Gibberellins (GAs)

5.2.2.3.1.

Stem Elongation

5.2.2.3.1.1.

Internode Extension

5.2.2.3.1.2.

5.2.2.3.1.3.

Growth Promotion

5.2.2.3.2.

Seed Germination

5.2.2.3.2.1.

Dormancy Breaking

5.2.2.3.2.2.

Enzyme Activation

5.2.2.3.2.3.

Reserve Mobilization

5.2.2.4.

Abscisic Acid (ABA)

5.2.2.4.1.

5.2.2.4.1.1.

Dormancy Induction

5.2.2.4.1.2.

Germination Inhibition

5.2.2.4.1.3.

Maturation Promotion

5.2.2.4.2.

Stress Responses

5.2.2.4.2.1.

Drought Tolerance

5.2.2.4.2.2.

Stomatal Closure

5.2.2.4.2.3.

Stress Adaptation

5.2.2.5.

5.2.2.5.1.

5.2.2.5.1.1.

Ripening Initiation

5.2.2.5.1.2.

Biochemical Changes

5.2.2.5.1.3.

Senescence Promotion

5.2.2.5.2.

5.2.2.5.2.1.

5.2.2.5.2.2.

Organ Abscission

5.2.2.5.2.3.

Programmed Cell Death

5.2.2.6.

Brassinosteroids (BRs)

5.2.2.6.1.

5.2.2.6.1.1.

Growth Promotion

5.2.2.6.1.2.

Cell Elongation

5.2.2.6.1.3.

Organ Development

5.2.2.6.2.

Vascular Differentiation

5.2.2.6.2.1.

Xylem Formation

5.2.2.6.2.2.

Phloem Development

5.2.2.6.2.3.

Tissue Patterning

5.2.2.7.

5.2.2.7.1.

Inhibition of Shoot Branching

5.2.2.7.1.1.

Lateral Bud Suppression

5.2.2.7.1.2.

Architectural Control

5.2.2.7.1.3.

Apical Dominance

5.2.2.7.2.

Symbiotic Interactions

5.2.2.7.2.1.

Mycorrhizal Signaling

5.2.2.7.2.2.

Root Parasitism

5.2.2.7.2.3.

Soil Communication

5.2.2.8.

Jasmonates (JAs)

5.2.2.8.1.

Defense Responses

5.2.2.8.1.1.

Pathogen Resistance

5.2.2.8.1.2.

Herbivore Deterrence

5.2.2.8.1.3.

Wound Responses

5.2.2.8.2.

Reproductive Development

5.2.2.8.2.1.

Flower Development

5.2.2.8.2.2.

Pollen Maturation

5.2.2.8.2.3.

Fruit Development

5.2.2.9.

Salicylic Acid (SA)

5.2.2.9.1.

Systemic Acquired Resistance

5.2.2.9.1.1.

Pathogen Defense

5.2.2.9.1.2.

Immune Responses

5.2.2.9.1.3.

Disease Resistance

5.2.2.9.2.

Stress Signaling

5.2.2.9.2.1.

5.2.2.9.2.2.

Signal Transduction

5.2.2.9.2.3.

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6. Environmental Control of Development