Plant Development

  1. Vegetative Development: The Plant Body
    1. The Shoot System
      1. Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM) Function
        1. Maintenance of Indeterminacy
          1. Stem Cell Pool Preservation
            1. Differentiation Prevention
              1. Continuous Growth Potential
              2. Organogenesis
                1. Leaf Initiation
                  1. Stem Formation
                    1. Axillary Bud Development
                  2. Phytomere as a Developmental Unit
                    1. Definition and Components
                      1. Node and Internode
                        1. Leaf and Axillary Bud
                          1. Repetitive Structure
                          2. Repetitive Growth Patterns
                            1. Modular Development
                              1. Architectural Organization
                                1. Growth Iteration
                              2. Stem Development
                                1. Primary Growth and Elongation
                                  1. Cell Division in Meristems
                                    1. Cell Expansion Zones
                                      1. Internode Elongation
                                        1. Cell Division Contribution
                                          1. Cell Expansion Contribution
                                            1. Hormonal Regulation
                                          2. Secondary Growth (in woody plants)
                                            1. Cambial Activity
                                              1. Vascular Cambium Function
                                                1. Seasonal Growth Patterns
                                                  1. Ring Formation
                                                  2. Wood and Bark Formation
                                                    1. Xylem Development
                                                      1. Phloem Development
                                                        1. Protective Tissue Formation
                                                      2. Axillary Bud Formation and Branching
                                                        1. Bud Initiation
                                                          1. Meristem Establishment
                                                            1. Dormancy Induction
                                                              1. Protective Scale Formation
                                                              2. Regulation of Branch Outgrowth
                                                                1. Hormonal Control
                                                                  1. Environmental Triggers
                                                                    1. Developmental Timing
                                                                  2. Apical Dominance
                                                                    1. Hormonal Control
                                                                      1. Auxin Inhibition
                                                                        1. Cytokinin Promotion
                                                                          1. Strigolactone Suppression
                                                                          2. Release of Dormancy
                                                                            1. Apical Removal Effects
                                                                              1. Hormonal Changes
                                                                                1. Bud Break Mechanisms
                                                                            2. Leaf Development (Phyllogenesis)
                                                                              1. Leaf Initiation at the SAM
                                                                                1. Founder Cell Recruitment
                                                                                  1. Cell Fate Specification
                                                                                    1. Primordium Formation
                                                                                      1. Growth Initiation
                                                                                      2. Early Patterning Events
                                                                                        1. Axis Establishment
                                                                                          1. Boundary Formation
                                                                                            1. Growth Coordination
                                                                                          2. Phyllotaxy: The Arrangement of Leaves
                                                                                            1. Spiral Patterns
                                                                                              1. Fibonacci Sequences
                                                                                                1. Golden Angle
                                                                                                  1. Optimal Packing
                                                                                                  2. Opposite Patterns
                                                                                                    1. Decussate Arrangement
                                                                                                      1. 90-Degree Rotation
                                                                                                        1. Bilateral Symmetry
                                                                                                        2. Whorled Patterns
                                                                                                          1. Multiple Leaves per Node
                                                                                                            1. Radial Symmetry
                                                                                                              1. Uniform Spacing
                                                                                                              2. Molecular Basis of Phyllotaxy
                                                                                                                1. Auxin Transport
                                                                                                                  1. Inhibitory Fields
                                                                                                                    1. Mathematical Models
                                                                                                                  2. Establishment of Leaf Axes
                                                                                                                    1. Dorsoventral (Adaxial-Abaxial) Polarity
                                                                                                                      1. Upper-Lower Surface Differences
                                                                                                                        1. Gene Expression Patterns
                                                                                                                          1. Functional Specialization
                                                                                                                          2. Proximodistal (Base-Tip) Axis
                                                                                                                            1. Growth Gradients
                                                                                                                              1. Maturation Patterns
                                                                                                                                1. Vascular Development
                                                                                                                                2. Mediolateral Axis
                                                                                                                                  1. Width Determination
                                                                                                                                    1. Margin Formation
                                                                                                                                      1. Symmetry Establishment
                                                                                                                                    2. Blade Outgrowth and Shaping
                                                                                                                                      1. Marginal Meristem Activity
                                                                                                                                        1. Edge Growth
                                                                                                                                          1. Shape Determination
                                                                                                                                            1. Size Control
                                                                                                                                            2. Growth Regulators
                                                                                                                                              1. Hormonal Influences
                                                                                                                                                1. Environmental Responses
                                                                                                                                                  1. Genetic Control
                                                                                                                                                2. Tissue Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Epidermis
                                                                                                                                                    1. Protective Layer Formation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Stomatal Development
                                                                                                                                                        1. Trichome Formation
                                                                                                                                                        2. Mesophyll
                                                                                                                                                          1. Palisade Layer
                                                                                                                                                            1. Spongy Layer
                                                                                                                                                              1. Photosynthetic Specialization
                                                                                                                                                              2. Vasculature
                                                                                                                                                                1. Vein Pattern Formation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Xylem and Phloem Development
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Transport Network
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Compound vs. Simple Leaves
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Morphological Differences
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Leaflet Formation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Rachis Development
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Complexity Levels
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Genetic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Developmental Genes
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Regulatory Networks
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Evolutionary Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                          3. The Root System
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Primary Root Growth from the RAM
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Cell Division Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Meristematic Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Cycle Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Growth Rate Control
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Cell Elongation Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Expansion Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Turgor-Driven Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Wall Modification
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Root Cap Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Mechanical Protection
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mucilage Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Renewal
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Root Cap Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gravity Sensing
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Statocyte Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Amyloplast Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Signal Transduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Secretion of Mucilage
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Lubrication Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Soil Interaction
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Protective Role
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Root Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Division Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Active Meristem
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High Mitotic Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Cell Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Elongation Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Cell Expansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Root Lengthening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Turgor-Driven Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Maturation Zone
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Tissue Specialization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Functional Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Lateral Root Initiation and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pericycle Cell Activation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Cell Cycle Re-entry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Meristem Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Primordium Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Emergence Through Parent Tissues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Tissue Penetration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cell Wall Degradation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Root Emergence
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Root Hairs: Formation and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Trichoblast Differentiation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cell Fate Determination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Hair Cell Specification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Developmental Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Role in Water and Nutrient Uptake
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Surface Area Increase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Absorption Enhancement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Soil Contact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Root System Architecture
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Primary vs. Lateral Roots
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Main Root Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Branch Root Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Hierarchical Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Root Branching Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Temporal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Responses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Adventitious Roots
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Origin and Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Non-Root Tissue Origin
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Support Functions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Absorption Role
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Role in Vegetative Propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clonal Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cutting Propagation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Natural Spreading

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. Reproductive Development