Phycology

  1. Algal Ecology
    1. Algal Habitats
      1. Marine Ecosystems
        1. Phytoplankton (Pelagic Zone)
          1. Vertical Distribution
            1. Euphotic Zone
              1. Compensation Depth
              2. Seasonal Dynamics
                1. Spring Blooms
                  1. Succession Patterns
                  2. Size Classes
                    1. Picoplankton
                      1. Nanoplankton
                        1. Microplankton
                      2. Benthic Algae (Littoral and Sublittoral Zones)
                        1. Substrate Preferences
                          1. Rocky Shores
                            1. Sandy Bottoms
                              1. Coral Reefs
                              2. Zonation Patterns
                                1. Supralittoral Zone
                                  1. Eulittoral Zone
                                    1. Sublittoral Zone
                                  2. Intertidal Ecology
                                    1. Adaptations to Desiccation
                                      1. Water Retention
                                        1. Osmotic Adjustment
                                        2. Adaptations to Wave Action
                                          1. Flexible Thalli
                                            1. Strong Attachment
                                        3. Freshwater Ecosystems
                                          1. Phytoplankton (Lentic Systems)
                                            1. Lake Stratification Effects
                                              1. Thermal Stratification
                                                1. Nutrient Distribution
                                                2. Seasonal Succession
                                                  1. Spring Overturn
                                                    1. Summer Stratification
                                                  2. Periphyton (Lotic Systems)
                                                    1. Attachment Mechanisms
                                                      1. Mucilage Pads
                                                        1. Prostrate Growth
                                                        2. Current Adaptations
                                                          1. Streamlined Morphology
                                                        3. Wetland Algae
                                                          1. Emergent Vegetation Epiphytes
                                                            1. Floating Mats
                                                          2. Terrestrial and Subaerial Habitats
                                                            1. Soil Algae
                                                              1. Soil Formation and Fertility
                                                                1. Organic Matter Contribution
                                                                  1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                  2. Cryptobiotic Crusts
                                                                    1. Desert Ecosystems
                                                                  3. Cryophilic Algae (Snow and Ice)
                                                                    1. Pigment Adaptations
                                                                      1. UV Protection
                                                                        1. Heat Absorption
                                                                        2. Antifreeze Mechanisms
                                                                        3. Thermophilic Algae (Hot Springs)
                                                                          1. Temperature Tolerance Mechanisms
                                                                            1. Heat Shock Proteins
                                                                              1. Membrane Adaptations
                                                                            2. Aerial Algae
                                                                              1. Tree Bark Epiphytes
                                                                                1. Rock Surface Communities
                                                                            3. Algae as Primary Producers
                                                                              1. Role in Aquatic Food Webs
                                                                                1. Trophic Interactions
                                                                                  1. Herbivory
                                                                                    1. Detrital Pathways
                                                                                    2. Grazers and Predators
                                                                                      1. Zooplankton
                                                                                        1. Benthic Invertebrates
                                                                                          1. Fish
                                                                                        2. Contribution to Global Carbon and Oxygen Cycles
                                                                                          1. Carbon Sequestration
                                                                                            1. Biological Pump
                                                                                              1. Carbonate Formation
                                                                                              2. Oxygen Evolution
                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Oxygen
                                                                                                  1. Dissolved Oxygen
                                                                                                2. Productivity Measurements
                                                                                                  1. Primary Productivity
                                                                                                    1. Net vs. Gross Production
                                                                                                  2. Algal Symbioses
                                                                                                    1. Lichens (with Fungi)
                                                                                                      1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                        1. Mycobiont-Photobiont Interactions
                                                                                                          1. Nutrient Exchange
                                                                                                          2. Ecological Importance
                                                                                                            1. Pioneer Species
                                                                                                              1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                                                                            2. With Corals (Zooxanthellae)
                                                                                                              1. Symbiotic Mechanisms
                                                                                                                1. Nutrient Transfer
                                                                                                                  1. Calcification Enhancement
                                                                                                                  2. Coral Bleaching
                                                                                                                    1. Temperature Stress
                                                                                                                      1. Recovery Mechanisms
                                                                                                                    2. With Protozoa and Invertebrates
                                                                                                                      1. Mutualistic Relationships
                                                                                                                        1. Paramecium-Chlorella
                                                                                                                          1. Hydra-Chlorella
                                                                                                                          2. Endosymbiotic Algae
                                                                                                                          3. With Higher Plants
                                                                                                                            1. Azolla-Anabaena Symbiosis
                                                                                                                              1. Cycad Root Nodules
                                                                                                                            2. Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs)
                                                                                                                              1. Causes and Triggers
                                                                                                                                1. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Loading
                                                                                                                                    1. Agricultural Runoff
                                                                                                                                    2. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                      1. Temperature
                                                                                                                                        1. Light
                                                                                                                                          1. Salinity
                                                                                                                                        2. Toxin Production
                                                                                                                                          1. Types of Algal Toxins
                                                                                                                                            1. Neurotoxins
                                                                                                                                              1. Hepatotoxins
                                                                                                                                                1. Cytotoxins
                                                                                                                                                2. Mechanisms of Toxicity
                                                                                                                                                  1. Ion Channel Disruption
                                                                                                                                                    1. Protein Synthesis Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                  2. Ecological and Economic Impacts
                                                                                                                                                    1. Effects on Aquatic Life
                                                                                                                                                      1. Fish Kills
                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecosystem Disruption
                                                                                                                                                        2. Human Health Risks
                                                                                                                                                          1. Shellfish Poisoning
                                                                                                                                                            1. Drinking Water Contamination
                                                                                                                                                            2. Economic Losses
                                                                                                                                                              1. Fisheries Impact
                                                                                                                                                                1. Tourism Losses
                                                                                                                                                              2. Bloom Dynamics
                                                                                                                                                                1. Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Maintenance
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Termination
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Factors Influencing Algal Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Light Availability and Quality
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Photoadaptation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Chromatic Adaptation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Photoacclimation
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Underwater Light Climate
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Attenuation Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                          3. Temperature
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thermal Niches
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Psychrophiles
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Mesophiles
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thermophiles
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Seasonal Temperature Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Salinity
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Halotolerance
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Freshwater Species
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Marine Species
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Brackish Water Species
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Osmotic Regulation
                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Nutrient Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Limiting Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Nitrogen Limitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phosphorus Limitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Silicon Limitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nutrient Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Redfield Ratio
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Grazing Pressure
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Top-Down Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Selective Grazing
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Size-Selective Predation
                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Grazing Resistance
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Toxin Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Morphological Defenses
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Physical Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Water Movement
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Substrate Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. pH and Chemical Conditions

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            6. Algal Morphology and Thallus Organization

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                                                                                                                                                                                                            8. Applied Phycology and Biotechnology