Phycology

  1. Algal Diversity and Taxonomy
    1. Principles of Algal Systematics
      1. Morphological Classification
        1. Morphological Characters
          1. Cell Structure
            1. Thallus Organization
              1. Reproductive Structures
              2. Limitations of Morphological Approaches
              3. Molecular Phylogenetics
                1. DNA Sequencing
                  1. Nuclear Genes
                    1. Plastid Genes
                      1. Mitochondrial Genes
                      2. Phylogenetic Tree Construction
                        1. Maximum Likelihood
                          1. Bayesian Analysis
                          2. Molecular Clocks
                          3. Integrative Taxonomy
                            1. Combining Morphological and Molecular Data
                            2. Nomenclature and Classification Systems
                              1. International Code of Nomenclature
                                1. Taxonomic Hierarchy
                              2. Prokaryotic Algae
                                1. Phylum Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)
                                  1. Major Orders and Families
                                    1. Chroococcales
                                      1. Oscillatoriales
                                        1. Nostocales
                                          1. Stigonematales
                                          2. Morphological Diversity
                                            1. Unicellular Forms
                                              1. Filamentous Forms
                                                1. Branching Patterns
                                                2. Ecological Roles
                                                  1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                                    1. Primary Production
                                                      1. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                  2. Eukaryotic Algae
                                                    1. Kingdom Plantae (Archaeplastida)
                                                      1. Phylum Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
                                                        1. Major Classes and Orders
                                                          1. Cyanidiophyceae
                                                            1. Rhodellophyceae
                                                              1. Compsopogonophyceae
                                                                1. Stylonematophyceae
                                                                  1. Bangiophyceae
                                                                    1. Florideophyceae
                                                                    2. Pigment Composition
                                                                      1. Phycobiliproteins
                                                                        1. Chlorophyll a
                                                                        2. Cell Wall Components
                                                                          1. Cellulose
                                                                            1. Sulfated Polysaccharides
                                                                            2. Economic Importance
                                                                              1. Agar Production
                                                                                1. Carrageenan Production
                                                                                  1. Food Applications
                                                                                2. Phylum Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
                                                                                  1. Class Chlorophyceae
                                                                                    1. Morphological Diversity
                                                                                      1. Flagellated Forms
                                                                                        1. Coccoid Forms
                                                                                          1. Colonial Forms
                                                                                          2. Life Cycles
                                                                                            1. Zygotic Meiosis
                                                                                          3. Class Ulvophyceae
                                                                                            1. Marine Representatives
                                                                                              1. Ulva
                                                                                                1. Codium
                                                                                                2. Freshwater Representatives
                                                                                                  1. Cladophora
                                                                                                3. Class Charophyceae
                                                                                                  1. Evolutionary Significance
                                                                                                    1. Sister Group to Land Plants
                                                                                                    2. Complex Morphology
                                                                                                      1. Nodes and Internodes
                                                                                                    3. Class Trebouxiophyceae
                                                                                                      1. Lichen Symbionts
                                                                                                        1. Terrestrial Forms
                                                                                                      2. Phylum Glaucophyta
                                                                                                        1. Primitive Plastids
                                                                                                          1. Peptidoglycan Retention
                                                                                                        2. Stramenopila (Heterokontophyta)
                                                                                                          1. Class Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)
                                                                                                            1. Frustule Structure
                                                                                                              1. Silica Composition
                                                                                                                1. Valve and Girdle
                                                                                                                  1. Ornamentation Patterns
                                                                                                                  2. Ecological Roles
                                                                                                                    1. Marine Phytoplankton
                                                                                                                      1. Freshwater Communities
                                                                                                                      2. Reproduction
                                                                                                                        1. Vegetative Division
                                                                                                                          1. Sexual Reproduction
                                                                                                                            1. Auxospore Formation
                                                                                                                          2. Class Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)
                                                                                                                            1. Thallus Organization
                                                                                                                              1. Holdfast
                                                                                                                                1. Stipe
                                                                                                                                  1. Blade
                                                                                                                                  2. Complex Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                    1. Alternation of Generations
                                                                                                                                    2. Economic Uses
                                                                                                                                      1. Alginate Production
                                                                                                                                        1. Food Applications
                                                                                                                                      2. Class Chrysophyceae (Golden Algae)
                                                                                                                                        1. Pigment Composition
                                                                                                                                          1. Fucoxanthin
                                                                                                                                            1. Chlorophyll c
                                                                                                                                            2. Silica Scales
                                                                                                                                              1. Mixotrophic Nutrition
                                                                                                                                              2. Class Xanthophyceae (Yellow-Green Algae)
                                                                                                                                                1. Distinctive Features
                                                                                                                                                  1. Chlorophyll a and c
                                                                                                                                                    1. Lack of Fucoxanthin
                                                                                                                                                    2. Cell Wall Composition
                                                                                                                                                    3. Class Raphidophyceae
                                                                                                                                                      1. Harmful Bloom Formers
                                                                                                                                                      2. Class Eustigmatophyceae
                                                                                                                                                        1. High Lipid Content
                                                                                                                                                      3. Alveolata
                                                                                                                                                        1. Phylum Dinoflagellata (Dinoflagellates)
                                                                                                                                                          1. Thecal Plates
                                                                                                                                                            1. Cellulose Composition
                                                                                                                                                              1. Plate Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                              2. Bioluminescence
                                                                                                                                                                1. Luciferin-Luciferase System
                                                                                                                                                                2. Harmful Algal Blooms
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Toxin Production
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Red Tide Events
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Symbiotic Forms
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Zooxanthellae
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Haptophyta
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coccolithophores
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Coccolith Structure
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Calcium Carbonate Plates
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Role in Carbonate Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Carbon Sequestration
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Geological Importance
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Chalk Formation
                                                                                                                                                                        3. Cryptophyta (Cryptomonads)
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Cell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Periplast
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ejectisomes
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pigment Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Phycobiliproteins
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Chlorophyll a and c
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Nucleomorph
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reduced Nuclear Genome
                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Euglenophyta (Euglenoids)
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Flagellar Apparatus
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Two Flagella
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Paraxial Rod
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Mixotrophy
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Photosynthetic and Heterotrophic Nutrition
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Pellicle Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Protein Strips

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                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Algal Reproduction and Life Cycles

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                                                                                                                                                                                      6. Algal Morphology and Thallus Organization