Phonetics and Phonology

  1. Phonological Processes
    1. Assimilation Processes
      1. Place Assimilation
        1. Nasal Place Assimilation
          1. Stop Place Assimilation
            1. Liquid Place Assimilation
            2. Manner Assimilation
              1. Voicing Assimilation
                1. Nasalization
                  1. Fricativization
                  2. Total Assimilation
                    1. Gemination
                      1. Complete Merger
                      2. Vowel Harmony
                        1. Front-Back Harmony
                          1. Height Harmony
                            1. Rounding Harmony
                              1. ATR Harmony
                            2. Lenition Processes
                              1. Consonant Weakening
                                1. Spirantization
                                  1. Voicing
                                    1. Debuccalization
                                      1. Deletion
                                      2. Vowel Reduction
                                        1. Centralization
                                          1. Shortening
                                            1. Schwa Formation
                                            2. Syllable Structure Changes
                                              1. Coda Weakening
                                                1. Cluster Simplification
                                              2. Fortition Processes
                                                1. Consonant Strengthening
                                                  1. Stop Formation
                                                    1. Devoicing
                                                      1. Gemination
                                                      2. Vowel Strengthening
                                                        1. Diphthongization
                                                          1. Lengthening
                                                        2. Insertion and Deletion
                                                          1. Epenthesis
                                                            1. Vowel Epenthesis
                                                              1. Consonant Epenthesis
                                                                1. Syllable Repair
                                                                2. Deletion
                                                                  1. Syncope
                                                                    1. Apocope
                                                                      1. Apheresis
                                                                        1. Haplology
                                                                      2. Metathesis
                                                                        1. Adjacent Segment Metathesis
                                                                          1. Long-Distance Metathesis
                                                                            1. Compensatory Metathesis

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                                                                          6. Suprasegmental Phonology

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                                                                          8. Optimality Theory