Phonetics and Phonology

  1. Historical Phonology
    1. Sound Change Types
      1. Conditioned Changes
        1. Assimilation
          1. Dissimilation
            1. Epenthesis
              1. Deletion
              2. Unconditioned Changes
                1. Mergers
                  1. Splits
                    1. Shifts
                    2. Chain Shifts
                      1. Push Chains
                        1. Drag Chains
                          1. Circular Shifts
                        2. Comparative Method
                          1. Establishing Correspondences
                            1. Reconstructing Proto-Forms
                              1. Relative Chronology
                                1. Sound Laws
                                2. Internal Reconstruction
                                  1. Morphophonemic Alternations
                                    1. Analogical Leveling
                                      1. Paradigm Regularization
                                      2. Phonological Change Mechanisms
                                        1. Reanalysis
                                          1. Extension
                                            1. Borrowing Effects
                                              1. Contact-Induced Change

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                                            11. Sociophonetics

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                                            13. Cross-Linguistic Phonology