Phonetics and Phonology

  1. Sociophonetics
    1. Language Variation
      1. Regional Variation
        1. Dialect Differences
          1. Isoglosses
            1. Dialect Boundaries
            2. Social Variation
              1. Class-Based Variation
                1. Gender-Based Variation
                  1. Age-Based Variation
                    1. Ethnic Variation
                    2. Stylistic Variation
                      1. Register Effects
                        1. Formality Levels
                          1. Code-Switching
                        2. Sound Change
                          1. Mechanisms of Change
                            1. Phonetic Variation
                              1. Phonologization
                                1. Lexical Diffusion
                                2. Social Factors in Change
                                  1. Innovation and Adoption
                                    1. Social Networks
                                      1. Prestige and Stigma
                                      2. Apparent Time Studies
                                        1. Age Grading
                                          1. Generational Change
                                            1. Real Time Comparison

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                                        10. Phonological Acquisition

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                                        12. Historical Phonology