Pharmacology

9.

Central Nervous System Pharmacology

9.1.

CNS Organization and Function

9.1.1.

Blood-Brain Barrier

9.1.2.

Neurotransmitter Systems

9.1.3.

CNS Drug Delivery

9.2.

General Anesthetics

9.2.1.

Mechanisms of General Anesthesia

9.2.2.

Inhalational Anesthetics

9.2.2.1.

Halogenated Hydrocarbons

9.2.2.2.

9.2.2.3.

Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Anesthetics

9.2.3.

Intravenous Anesthetics

9.2.3.1.

9.2.3.2.

9.2.3.3.

9.2.3.4.

9.2.4.

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

9.3.

Local Anesthetics

9.3.1.

Mechanism of Action

9.3.2.

Structure-Activity Relationships

9.3.3.

Ester Local Anesthetics

9.3.4.

Amide Local Anesthetics

9.3.5.

Clinical Applications

9.3.6.

Adverse Effects

9.4.

Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs

9.4.1.

Sleep Physiology

9.4.2.

Benzodiazepines

9.4.2.1.

Mechanism of Action

9.4.2.2.

Individual Agents

9.4.2.3.

9.4.2.4.

Adverse Effects and Dependence

9.4.3.

Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics

9.4.3.1.

9.4.3.2.

Melatonin Receptor Agonists

9.4.4.

9.4.5.

Other Sedative-Hypnotics

9.5.

Antiepileptic Drugs

9.5.1.

Epilepsy Classification

9.5.2.

Mechanisms of Antiepileptic Action

9.5.3.

Traditional Antiepileptic Drugs

9.5.3.1.

9.5.3.2.

9.5.3.3.

9.5.3.4.

9.5.3.5.

9.5.4.

Newer Antiepileptic Drugs

9.5.4.1.

9.5.4.2.

9.5.4.3.

9.5.4.4.

Gabapentin and Pregabalin

9.5.5.

Treatment Strategies

9.6.

Drugs for Movement Disorders

9.6.1.

Parkinson Disease Pathophysiology

9.6.2.

Dopaminergic Drugs

9.6.2.1.

9.6.2.2.

Dopamine Agonists

9.6.2.3.

MAO-B Inhibitors

9.6.2.4.

COMT Inhibitors

9.6.3.

Anticholinergic Drugs

9.6.4.

Drugs for Other Movement Disorders

9.6.4.1.

Huntington Disease

9.6.4.2.

Essential Tremor

9.6.4.3.

9.7.

Antipsychotic Drugs

9.7.1.

Schizophrenia Pathophysiology

9.7.2.

Typical Antipsychotics

9.7.2.1.

9.7.2.2.

9.7.2.3.

Mechanism of Action

9.7.3.

Atypical Antipsychotics

9.7.3.1.

Individual Agents

9.7.3.2.

Advantages and Disadvantages

9.7.4.

Adverse Effects

9.7.4.1.

Extrapyramidal Side Effects

9.7.4.2.

Metabolic Effects

9.7.4.3.

Tardive Dyskinesia

9.8.

Antidepressant Drugs

9.8.1.

Depression Pathophysiology

9.8.2.

Tricyclic Antidepressants

9.8.3.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

9.8.4.

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors

9.8.5.

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors

9.8.6.

Atypical Antidepressants

9.8.6.1.

9.8.6.2.

9.8.6.3.

9.8.7.

Treatment Considerations

9.9.

Mood Stabilizers

9.9.1.

Bipolar Disorder Overview

9.9.2.

9.9.2.1.

Mechanism of Action

9.9.2.2.

Therapeutic Monitoring

9.9.2.3.

Adverse Effects

9.9.3.

Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers

9.9.4.

Atypical Antipsychotics in Bipolar Disorder

9.10.

Anxiolytic Drugs

9.10.1.

Anxiety Disorders Classification

9.10.2.

Benzodiazepines

9.10.3.

9.10.4.

Antidepressants in Anxiety

9.10.5.

9.11.

Opioid Analgesics

9.11.1.

Pain Pathways and Modulation

9.11.2.

Opioid Receptors

9.11.3.

Opioid Agonists

9.11.3.1.

Morphine and Related Compounds

9.11.3.2.

Synthetic Opioids

9.11.3.3.

Partial Agonists

9.11.4.

Opioid Antagonists

9.11.5.

Adverse Effects and Tolerance

9.11.6.

Opioid Use Disorder Treatment

9.12.

9.12.1.

Addiction Neurobiology

9.12.2.

9.12.2.1.

9.12.2.2.

9.12.2.3.

9.12.2.4.

9.12.3.

9.12.3.1.

9.12.3.2.

Benzodiazepines

9.12.3.3.

9.12.4.

9.12.4.1.

9.12.4.2.

9.12.4.3.

9.12.5.

Treatment of Substance Use Disorders

Previous

8. Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Go to top

Next

10. Endocrine Pharmacology