Pharmacology

5.

Adverse Drug Reactions and Drug Safety

5.1.

Classification of Adverse Drug Reactions

5.1.1.

Type A Reactions

5.1.1.1.

Dose-Related Effects

5.1.1.2.

Predictable Reactions

5.1.1.3.

Examples and Management

5.1.2.

Type B Reactions

5.1.2.1.

Idiosyncratic Reactions

5.1.2.2.

Unpredictable Effects

5.1.2.3.

Immunological Mechanisms

5.1.3.

Type C Reactions

5.1.3.1.

Chronic Effects

5.1.3.2.

Dose and Time-Related

5.1.4.

Type D Reactions

5.1.4.1.

Delayed Effects

5.1.4.2.

5.1.4.3.

5.1.5.

Type E Reactions

5.1.5.1.

Withdrawal Effects

5.1.5.2.

Rebound Phenomena

5.1.6.

Type F Reactions

5.1.6.1.

Treatment Failure

5.1.6.2.

Resistance Development

5.2.

Mechanisms of Drug Toxicity

5.2.1.

Direct Cellular Toxicity

5.2.1.1.

Membrane Damage

5.2.1.2.

Organelle Dysfunction

5.2.1.3.

Enzyme Inhibition

5.2.2.

Immune-Mediated Toxicity

5.2.2.1.

Hypersensitivity Reactions

5.2.2.2.

Autoimmune Responses

5.2.2.3.

Cytokine Release Syndrome

5.2.3.

Genetic Toxicity

5.2.3.1.

5.2.3.2.

5.2.3.3.

Chromosomal Aberrations

5.2.4.

Reproductive Toxicity

5.2.4.1.

5.2.4.2.

Fertility Effects

5.2.4.3.

Developmental Toxicity

5.3.

Organ-Specific Toxicity

5.3.1.

5.3.1.1.

Mechanisms of Liver Injury

5.3.1.2.

Drug-Induced Liver Disease

5.3.1.3.

Monitoring and Management

5.3.2.

5.3.2.1.

Acute Kidney Injury

5.3.2.2.

Chronic Kidney Disease

5.3.2.3.

Prevention Strategies

5.3.3.

5.3.3.1.

5.3.3.2.

5.3.3.3.

QT Prolongation

5.3.4.

5.3.4.1.

Central Nervous System Effects

5.3.4.2.

Peripheral Neuropathy

5.3.4.3.

Cognitive Impairment

5.3.5.

Pulmonary Toxicity

5.3.5.1.

Drug-Induced Lung Disease

5.3.5.2.

Pulmonary Fibrosis

5.3.5.3.

Respiratory Depression

5.4.

Drug Interactions

5.4.1.

Pharmacokinetic Interactions

5.4.1.1.

Absorption Interactions

5.4.1.2.

Distribution Interactions

5.4.1.3.

Metabolism Interactions

5.4.1.4.

Excretion Interactions

5.4.2.

Pharmacodynamic Interactions

5.4.2.1.

Additive Effects

5.4.2.2.

Synergistic Effects

5.4.2.3.

Antagonistic Effects

5.4.3.

Clinical Significance

5.4.3.1.

Risk Assessment

5.4.3.2.

Management Strategies

5.4.3.3.

Monitoring Requirements

5.5.

Pharmacovigilance

5.5.1.

Spontaneous Reporting Systems

5.5.2.

Signal Detection

5.5.3.

Risk Assessment

5.5.4.

Risk Management

5.5.5.

Regulatory Actions

5.6.

Drug Overdose and Poisoning

5.6.1.

General Principles of Management

5.6.1.1.

Supportive Care

5.6.1.2.

Decontamination

5.6.1.3.

Enhanced Elimination

5.6.1.4.

Antidote Therapy

5.6.2.

Specific Antidotes

5.6.2.1.

Mechanism-Based Antidotes

5.6.2.2.

Chelating Agents

5.6.2.3.

Receptor Antagonists

5.6.3.

Poison Control Centers

5.6.3.1.

Role and Function

5.6.3.2.

Information Resources

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