Pharmacology

  1. Pharmacokinetics
    1. Overview of Pharmacokinetic Processes
      1. ADME Concept
        1. Relationship Between Processes
          1. Clinical Relevance
          2. Drug Absorption
            1. Routes of Drug Administration
              1. Enteral Routes
                1. Oral Administration
                  1. Sublingual Administration
                    1. Buccal Administration
                      1. Rectal Administration
                      2. Parenteral Routes
                        1. Intravenous Administration
                          1. Intramuscular Administration
                            1. Subcutaneous Administration
                              1. Intradermal Administration
                                1. Intrathecal Administration
                                  1. Intraperitoneal Administration
                                  2. Topical Routes
                                    1. Dermal Application
                                      1. Transdermal Systems
                                        1. Ophthalmic Administration
                                          1. Otic Administration
                                            1. Nasal Administration
                                              1. Vaginal Administration
                                              2. Inhalation Routes
                                                1. Pulmonary Administration
                                                  1. Systemic vs Local Effects
                                                2. Mechanisms of Drug Transport
                                                  1. Passive Diffusion
                                                    1. Facilitated Diffusion
                                                      1. Active Transport
                                                        1. Endocytosis
                                                          1. Exocytosis
                                                          2. Factors Affecting Absorption
                                                            1. Drug Properties
                                                              1. Lipophilicity
                                                                1. Molecular Size
                                                                  1. Ionization State
                                                                  2. Physiological Factors
                                                                    1. pH at Absorption Site
                                                                      1. Blood Flow
                                                                        1. Surface Area
                                                                          1. Contact Time
                                                                          2. Formulation Factors
                                                                            1. Dissolution Rate
                                                                              1. Particle Size
                                                                                1. Excipients
                                                                              2. First-Pass Effect
                                                                                1. Hepatic First-Pass Metabolism
                                                                                  1. Intestinal First-Pass Effect
                                                                                    1. Clinical Implications
                                                                                    2. Bioavailability and Bioequivalence
                                                                                      1. Absolute Bioavailability
                                                                                        1. Relative Bioavailability
                                                                                          1. Factors Affecting Bioavailability
                                                                                            1. Bioequivalence Studies
                                                                                              1. Generic Drug Approval
                                                                                            2. Drug Distribution
                                                                                              1. Distribution Process Overview
                                                                                                1. Factors Affecting Distribution
                                                                                                  1. Blood Flow to Tissues
                                                                                                    1. Capillary Permeability
                                                                                                      1. Tissue Binding
                                                                                                        1. Plasma Protein Binding
                                                                                                        2. Body Fluid Compartments
                                                                                                          1. Total Body Water
                                                                                                            1. Extracellular Fluid
                                                                                                              1. Intracellular Fluid
                                                                                                                1. Plasma Volume
                                                                                                                2. Protein Binding
                                                                                                                  1. Albumin Binding
                                                                                                                    1. Alpha-1 Acid Glycoprotein Binding
                                                                                                                      1. Clinical Significance of Protein Binding
                                                                                                                        1. Displacement Interactions
                                                                                                                        2. Volume of Distribution
                                                                                                                          1. Concept and Calculation
                                                                                                                            1. Interpretation of Vd Values
                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                              2. Tissue Distribution
                                                                                                                                1. Highly Perfused Organs
                                                                                                                                  1. Poorly Perfused Tissues
                                                                                                                                    1. Fat Distribution
                                                                                                                                      1. Bone Distribution
                                                                                                                                      2. Specialized Barriers
                                                                                                                                        1. Blood-Brain Barrier
                                                                                                                                          1. Blood-Testis Barrier
                                                                                                                                            1. Placental Barrier
                                                                                                                                              1. Blood-Retinal Barrier
                                                                                                                                            2. Drug Metabolism
                                                                                                                                              1. Overview of Drug Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                1. Purpose of Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                  1. Sites of Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                    1. Metabolic Pathways
                                                                                                                                                    2. Phase I Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                      1. Oxidation Reactions
                                                                                                                                                        1. Cytochrome P450-Mediated Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                          1. Non-P450 Oxidation
                                                                                                                                                          2. Reduction Reactions
                                                                                                                                                            1. Hydrolysis Reactions
                                                                                                                                                            2. Phase II Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                              1. Glucuronidation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Sulfation
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Acetylation
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Methylation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glutathione Conjugation
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Amino Acid Conjugation
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Cytochrome P450 System
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Structure and Function
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Major CYP Isoforms
                                                                                                                                                                              1. CYP3A4
                                                                                                                                                                                1. CYP2D6
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. CYP2C9
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. CYP2C19
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. CYP1A2
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. CYP2E1
                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Enzyme Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mechanisms of Induction
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Common Inducers
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Clinical Consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Enzyme Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Types of Inhibition
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Common Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Clinical Consequences
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Factors Affecting Metabolism
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Genetic Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gender Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Disease States
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Drug Interactions
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Metabolite Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Active Metabolites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Inactive Metabolites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Toxic Metabolites
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Prodrugs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Drug Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Routes of Drug Elimination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Renal Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Biliary Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Pulmonary Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Other Routes of Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Renal Excretion Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Glomerular Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Active Tubular Secretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Passive Tubular Reabsorption
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Factors Affecting Renal Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Renal Blood Flow
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Glomerular Filtration Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Urine pH
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Urine Flow Rate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Active Transport Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Biliary Excretion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mechanisms of Biliary Transport
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Molecular Weight Threshold
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Enterohepatic Circulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Clearance Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Total Body Clearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Renal Clearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hepatic Clearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Clearance Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Elimination Half-Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Definition and Calculation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Factors Determining Half-Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Clinical Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pharmacokinetic Modeling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Basic Pharmacokinetic Parameters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clearance
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Volume of Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Half-Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bioavailability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Compartment Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. One-Compartment Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Two-Compartment Model
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Multi-Compartment Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Zero-Order vs First-Order Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Characteristics of Each
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Clinical Examples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Steady-State Concepts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Time to Steady State
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Steady-State Concentration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Loading Dose Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Maintenance Dose Calculations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Indications for TDM
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Drugs Requiring Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Interpretation of Levels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Timing of Sample Collection

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Introduction to Pharmacology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Pharmacodynamics