Mineralogy and Petrology

  1. Igneous Petrology
    1. Magma and Lava
      1. Composition of Magmas
        1. Major Elements
          1. Silica Content
            1. Alkali Elements
              1. Alkaline Earth Elements
                1. Iron and Magnesium
                2. Minor Elements
                  1. Titanium
                    1. Phosphorus
                      1. Manganese
                      2. Trace Elements
                        1. Compatible Elements
                          1. Incompatible Elements
                            1. Rare Earth Elements
                            2. Volatiles
                              1. Water Vapor
                                1. Carbon Dioxide
                                  1. Sulfur Compounds
                                    1. Halogens
                                  2. Physical Properties of Magma
                                    1. Viscosity
                                      1. Temperature Dependence
                                        1. Compositional Controls
                                          1. Volatile Content Effects
                                            1. Crystallinity Effects
                                            2. Temperature
                                              1. Liquidus Temperature
                                                1. Solidus Temperature
                                                  1. Crystallization Range
                                                  2. Density
                                                    1. Compositional Variations
                                                      1. Temperature Effects
                                                        1. Pressure Effects
                                                        2. Gas Content
                                                          1. Solubility Limits
                                                            1. Pressure Dependence
                                                              1. Degassing Processes
                                                            2. Magma Generation
                                                              1. Decompression Melting
                                                                1. Adiabatic Decompression
                                                                  1. Mid-Ocean Ridge Settings
                                                                    1. Mantle Plume Settings
                                                                    2. Flux Melting
                                                                      1. Water Addition
                                                                        1. Subduction Zone Processes
                                                                          1. Hydrous Minerals
                                                                          2. Heat Transfer Melting
                                                                            1. Conductive Heating
                                                                              1. Contact Metamorphism
                                                                              2. Source Regions of Magma
                                                                                1. Mantle Sources
                                                                                  1. Peridotite Composition
                                                                                    1. Partial Melting Degrees
                                                                                    2. Crustal Sources
                                                                                      1. Continental Crust Melting
                                                                                        1. Sediment Melting
                                                                                  2. Magmatic Differentiation
                                                                                    1. Fractional Crystallization
                                                                                      1. Crystal-Liquid Equilibrium
                                                                                        1. Removal of Early Crystals
                                                                                          1. Compositional Evolution
                                                                                            1. Cumulate Formation
                                                                                            2. Magma Mixing
                                                                                              1. Mechanical Mixing
                                                                                                1. Chemical Hybridization
                                                                                                  1. Textural Evidence
                                                                                                  2. Assimilation
                                                                                                    1. Country Rock Incorporation
                                                                                                      1. Thermal Constraints
                                                                                                        1. Compositional Changes
                                                                                                        2. Partial Melting
                                                                                                          1. Incongruent Melting
                                                                                                            1. Batch Melting
                                                                                                              1. Fractional Melting
                                                                                                                1. Melt Extraction
                                                                                                              2. Bowen's Reaction Series
                                                                                                                1. Discontinuous Series
                                                                                                                  1. Olivine
                                                                                                                    1. Pyroxene
                                                                                                                      1. Amphibole
                                                                                                                        1. Biotite
                                                                                                                          1. Sequence of Crystallization
                                                                                                                          2. Continuous Series
                                                                                                                            1. Plagioclase Evolution
                                                                                                                              1. Calcium-rich to Sodium-rich
                                                                                                                                1. Zoning Patterns
                                                                                                                                  1. Equilibrium vs. Fractional Crystallization
                                                                                                                                2. Implications for Rock Formation
                                                                                                                                  1. Mineral Assemblages
                                                                                                                                    1. Textural Development
                                                                                                                                    2. Limitations of the Series
                                                                                                                                      1. Pressure Effects
                                                                                                                                        1. Water Content
                                                                                                                                          1. Cooling Rate Influences
                                                                                                                                        2. Igneous Rock Textures
                                                                                                                                          1. Phaneritic Texture
                                                                                                                                            1. Coarse-grained Crystals
                                                                                                                                              1. Slow Cooling Environment
                                                                                                                                                1. Plutonic Origin
                                                                                                                                                2. Aphanitic Texture
                                                                                                                                                  1. Fine-grained Crystals
                                                                                                                                                    1. Rapid Cooling
                                                                                                                                                      1. Volcanic Origin
                                                                                                                                                      2. Porphyritic Texture
                                                                                                                                                        1. Two-stage Cooling
                                                                                                                                                          1. Phenocrysts and Groundmass
                                                                                                                                                            1. Nucleation and Growth
                                                                                                                                                            2. Glassy Texture
                                                                                                                                                              1. Rapid Quenching
                                                                                                                                                                1. Lack of Crystallization
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Volcanic Glass Formation
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Vesicular Texture
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gas Bubble Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Volcanic Degassing
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Vesicle Filling
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Pyroclastic Texture
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Fragmental Origin
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Explosive Volcanism
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Welding Processes
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pegmatitic Texture
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Very Coarse Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Late-stage Crystallization
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Volatile-rich Conditions
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Classification of Igneous Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Plutonic Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Granite
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Granodiorite
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Diorite
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Gabbro
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Peridotite
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Syenite
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Monzonite
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Volcanic Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Rhyolite
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dacite
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Andesite
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Basalt
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Trachyte
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Phonolite
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Classification by Mineral Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Felsic Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. High Silica Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Light-colored Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Low Density
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Intermediate Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Moderate Silica Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mixed Mineral Assemblages
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Mafic Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Low Silica Content
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Dark-colored Minerals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. High Density
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Ultramafic Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Very Low Silica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Olivine and Pyroxene Dominant
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. IUGS Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. QAPF Diagram
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Quartz-Alkali Feldspar-Plagioclase
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Plutonic Rock Names
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. TAS Diagram
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Total Alkali-Silica
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Volcanic Rock Classification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Chemical Composition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Igneous Intrusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Concordant Intrusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sills
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Parallel to Bedding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Horizontal Emplacement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Laccoliths
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Dome-shaped Intrusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Arched Overlying Rocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Discordant Intrusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Dikes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Cross-cutting Relationships
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Vertical or Inclined
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Feeder Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Volcanic Necks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Erosional Remnants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Conduit Preservation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Large Intrusions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Batholiths
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Greater than 100 km²
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Composite Bodies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Mountain Building
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Stocks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Smaller than Batholiths
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Circular to Elliptical
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Emplacement Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Forceful Injection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Stoping
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Assimilation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Diapirism

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            7. Introduction to Petrology

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            9. Sedimentary Petrology