Mineralogy and Petrology

3.

Mineral Chemistry

3.1.

Atomic Structure and Bonding

3.1.1.

Atomic Structure of Elements

3.1.1.1.

Electron Configuration

3.1.1.2.

Valence Electrons

3.1.1.3.

3.1.1.4.

Electronegativity

3.1.2.

Types of Chemical Bonds

3.1.2.1.

3.1.2.1.1.

Electrostatic Attraction

3.1.2.1.2.

Ionic Radii Ratios

3.1.2.1.3.

Coordination Numbers

3.1.2.2.

3.1.2.2.1.

Electron Sharing

3.1.2.2.2.

Bond Directionality

3.1.2.2.3.

3.1.2.3.

3.1.2.3.1.

Electron Sea Model

3.1.2.3.2.

Delocalized Electrons

3.1.2.4.

Van der Waals Forces

3.1.2.4.1.

Weak Intermolecular Forces

3.1.2.4.2.

London Dispersion Forces

3.1.2.4.3.

Hydrogen Bonding

3.1.3.

Bond Strength and Mineral Properties

3.1.3.1.

Hardness Relationships

3.1.3.2.

Cleavage and Fracture

3.1.3.3.

Thermal Properties

3.2.

Chemical Composition of Minerals

3.2.1.

3.2.1.1.

3.2.1.2.

3.2.1.3.

3.2.1.4.

3.2.1.5.

3.2.1.6.

3.2.1.7.

3.2.2.

3.2.2.1.

3.2.2.2.

3.2.2.3.

3.2.2.4.

3.2.3.

3.2.3.1.

Rare Earth Elements

3.2.3.2.

Transition Metals

3.2.3.3.

Analytical Detection Limits

3.2.4.

Stoichiometry in Minerals

3.2.4.1.

Chemical Formulas

3.2.4.2.

3.2.4.3.

3.2.5.

Chemical Formulas and Notation

3.2.5.1.

Empirical Formulas

3.2.5.2.

Structural Formulas

3.2.5.3.

End-member Compositions

3.3.

Isomorphism and Polymorphism

3.3.1.

Isomorphous Series

3.3.1.1.

Definition and Principles

3.3.1.1.1.

Similar Crystal Structures

3.3.1.1.2.

Continuous Substitution

3.3.1.2.

Examples of Isomorphous Series

3.3.1.2.1.

3.3.1.2.2.

Plagioclase Series

3.3.1.2.3.

Pyroxene Series

3.3.1.3.

Solid Solution Mechanisms

3.3.1.3.1.

Substitutional Mechanisms

3.3.1.3.2.

Coupled Substitutions

3.3.2.

3.3.2.1.

Definition and Principles

3.3.2.1.1.

Same Composition, Different Structure

3.3.2.1.2.

Stability Fields

3.3.2.2.

Examples of Polymorphs

3.3.2.2.1.

Diamond and Graphite

3.3.2.2.1.1.

Structural Differences

3.3.2.2.1.2.

Stability Conditions

3.3.2.2.2.

Calcite and Aragonite

3.3.2.2.2.1.

Pressure-Temperature Relations

3.3.2.2.2.2.

Transformation Mechanisms

3.3.2.2.3.

Quartz Polymorphs

3.3.2.2.3.1.

Alpha and Beta Quartz

3.3.2.2.3.2.

High-Pressure Forms

3.3.2.3.

Polymorphic Transformations

3.3.2.3.1.

Reconstructive Transformations

3.3.2.3.2.

Displacive Transformations

3.3.2.3.3.

Order-Disorder Transformations

3.4.

3.4.1.

Types of Solid Solution

3.4.1.1.

Substitutional Solid Solution

3.4.1.1.1.

Simple Substitution

3.4.1.1.2.

Coupled Substitution

3.4.1.1.3.

Vacancy Mechanisms

3.4.1.2.

Interstitial Solid Solution

3.4.1.2.1.

Small Ion Insertion

3.4.1.2.2.

Structural Accommodation

3.4.1.3.

Omission Solid Solution

3.4.1.3.1.

Vacancy Formation

3.4.1.3.2.

Charge Compensation

3.4.2.

Factors Controlling Solid Solution

3.4.2.1.

3.4.2.1.1.

Size Tolerance Limits

3.4.2.1.2.

Goldschmidt Rules

3.4.2.2.

3.4.2.2.1.

Electroneutrality Requirements

3.4.2.2.2.

Charge Compensation Mechanisms

3.4.2.3.

Temperature and Pressure Effects

3.4.2.3.1.

Thermal Expansion

3.4.2.3.2.

Compressibility Effects

3.4.2.3.3.

Kinetic Factors

3.4.3.

Implications for Mineral Properties

3.4.3.1.

Property Variations

3.4.3.2.

Compositional Zoning

3.4.3.3.

Exsolution Phenomena

Previous

2. Crystallography

Go to top

Next

4. Physical Properties of Minerals