Mineralogy and Petrology

  1. Crystallography
    1. The Crystalline State
      1. Atomic Arrangement in Crystals
        1. Three-Dimensional Periodicity
          1. Atomic Packing Principles
            1. Coordination Numbers
            2. Unit Cells and Crystal Lattices
              1. Types of Unit Cells
                1. Primitive Cells
                  1. Body-Centered Cells
                    1. Face-Centered Cells
                      1. Base-Centered Cells
                      2. Lattice Parameters
                        1. Cell Dimensions
                          1. Axial Angles
                            1. Cell Volume Calculations
                            2. Bravais Lattices
                              1. Fourteen Lattice Types
                                1. Lattice Symbols and Notation
                              2. Miller Indices
                                1. Notation and Calculation
                                  1. Intercept Method
                                    1. Reciprocal Method
                                      1. Index Determination
                                      2. Applications in Crystallography
                                        1. Crystal Face Identification
                                          1. Cleavage Plane Notation
                                            1. X-ray Diffraction Indexing
                                        2. Crystal Symmetry
                                          1. Symmetry Elements
                                            1. Axes of Rotation
                                              1. Two-fold Axes
                                                1. Three-fold Axes
                                                  1. Four-fold Axes
                                                    1. Six-fold Axes
                                                    2. Planes of Symmetry
                                                      1. Mirror Planes
                                                        1. Glide Planes
                                                        2. Center of Symmetry
                                                          1. Inversion Centers
                                                            1. Centrosymmetric vs. Non-centrosymmetric
                                                            2. Rotoinversion Axes
                                                              1. Combined Rotation and Inversion
                                                                1. Notation and Identification
                                                              2. Symmetry Operations
                                                                1. Rotation Operations
                                                                  1. Proper Rotations
                                                                    1. Rotation Angles
                                                                    2. Reflection Operations
                                                                      1. Mirror Reflections
                                                                        1. Symmetry Plane Operations
                                                                        2. Inversion Operations
                                                                          1. Point Inversion
                                                                            1. Coordinate Transformations
                                                                            2. Rotoinversion Operations
                                                                              1. Combined Operations
                                                                                1. Equivalent Operations
                                                                              2. Point Groups
                                                                                1. Classification of Point Groups
                                                                                  1. Thirty-Two Crystal Classes
                                                                                    1. Hermann-Mauguin Notation
                                                                                      1. Schoenflies Notation
                                                                                      2. Examples of Crystal Classes
                                                                                        1. Common Point Groups
                                                                                          1. Mineral Examples for Each Class
                                                                                      3. The Six Crystal Systems
                                                                                        1. Isometric System
                                                                                          1. Symmetry Features
                                                                                            1. High Symmetry Elements
                                                                                              1. Cubic Unit Cell
                                                                                              2. Common Minerals
                                                                                                1. Halite
                                                                                                  1. Pyrite
                                                                                                    1. Garnet
                                                                                                      1. Fluorite
                                                                                                    2. Tetragonal System
                                                                                                      1. Symmetry Features
                                                                                                        1. Four-fold Rotation Axis
                                                                                                          1. Square Cross-Section
                                                                                                          2. Common Minerals
                                                                                                            1. Zircon
                                                                                                              1. Cassiterite
                                                                                                                1. Rutile
                                                                                                              2. Orthorhombic System
                                                                                                                1. Symmetry Features
                                                                                                                  1. Three Perpendicular Axes
                                                                                                                    1. Different Axial Lengths
                                                                                                                    2. Common Minerals
                                                                                                                      1. Olivine
                                                                                                                        1. Barite
                                                                                                                          1. Topaz
                                                                                                                        2. Hexagonal System
                                                                                                                          1. Symmetry Features
                                                                                                                            1. Six-fold or Three-fold Symmetry
                                                                                                                              1. Hexagonal Cross-Section
                                                                                                                              2. Common Minerals
                                                                                                                                1. Quartz
                                                                                                                                  1. Calcite
                                                                                                                                    1. Apatite
                                                                                                                                  2. Monoclinic System
                                                                                                                                    1. Symmetry Features
                                                                                                                                      1. One Oblique Angle
                                                                                                                                        1. Two-fold Symmetry
                                                                                                                                        2. Common Minerals
                                                                                                                                          1. Orthoclase
                                                                                                                                            1. Gypsum
                                                                                                                                              1. Augite
                                                                                                                                            2. Triclinic System
                                                                                                                                              1. Symmetry Features
                                                                                                                                                1. Lowest Symmetry
                                                                                                                                                  1. All Angles Oblique
                                                                                                                                                  2. Common Minerals
                                                                                                                                                    1. Plagioclase
                                                                                                                                                      1. Kyanite
                                                                                                                                                        1. Axinite
                                                                                                                                                    2. Crystal Forms and Habits
                                                                                                                                                      1. Crystal Faces and Forms
                                                                                                                                                        1. Simple Forms
                                                                                                                                                          1. Combination Forms
                                                                                                                                                            1. Face Development Factors
                                                                                                                                                            2. Open vs. Closed Forms
                                                                                                                                                              1. Open Forms
                                                                                                                                                                1. Pinacoids
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Prisms
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pyramids
                                                                                                                                                                    2. Closed Forms
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cubes
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Octahedra
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dodecahedra
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Common Crystal Habits
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Prismatic
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Elongated Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Length-to-Width Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Tabular
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Flattened Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Plate-like Appearance
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Acicular
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Needle-like Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. High Aspect Ratios
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Bladed
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Knife-like Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sharp Edges
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Fibrous
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Thread-like Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Parallel Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Dendritic
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Tree-like Branching
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Skeletal Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Massive
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. No Distinct Crystal Form
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Granular Aggregates
                                                                                                                                                                                                  3. Twinning in Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Types of Twinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Contact Twinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Composition Plane
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Simple Contact Twins
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Penetration Twinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Interpenetrating Crystals
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Complex Arrangements
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Multiple Twinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Repeated Twinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Polysynthetic Twins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Laws of Twinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Twin Axis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Twin Plane
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Composition Surface
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Identification of Twinning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hand Sample Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Re-entrant Angles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Striations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Compositional Differences
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Thin Section Recognition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Optical Discontinuities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Extinction Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Significance in Mineral Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Diagnostic Features
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Structural Implications

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Introduction to Mineralogy

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Mineral Chemistry