Microprocessors and Embedded Systems

Microprocessors and Embedded Systems is a field focused on the design and implementation of specialized computer systems that are integrated within larger mechanical or electrical devices. At the core of an embedded system is a microprocessor or microcontroller, which serves as the processing unit to execute a dedicated software program, enabling real-time control and interaction with the physical world. This discipline combines the principles of computer architecture and software development from computer science with the practical application of managing and directing physical processes from control systems, resulting in the intelligent devices found in everything from consumer electronics and automotive vehicles to industrial automation and medical equipment.

1. Introduction to Embedded Systems
   1. Defining Embedded Systems
      1. Core Characteristics
         1. Dedicated Functionality
         2. Real-Time Operation Requirements
         3. Resource Constraints
         4. Reliability and Stability Requirements
         5. Low Power Consumption
         6. Cost Sensitivity
      2. Classification of Embedded Systems
         1. Small Scale Systems
         2. Medium Scale Systems
         3. Large Scale Systems
      3. Application Domains
         1. Consumer Electronics
         2. Automotive Systems
         3. Industrial Automation
         4. Medical Devices
         5. Aerospace and Defense
         6. Telecommunications
   2. Evolution of Embedded Systems
      1. Historical Development
      2. Technological Milestones
      3. Current Trends
      4. Future Directions