Meteorology

9.

9.1.

Thunderstorm Development

9.1.1.

Thunderstorm Requirements

9.1.1.1.

9.1.1.2.

9.1.1.3.

Lifting Mechanism

9.1.2.

Thunderstorm Life Cycle

9.1.2.1.

9.1.2.2.

9.1.2.3.

Dissipating Stage

9.1.3.

Thunderstorm Environment

9.1.3.1.

9.1.3.2.

Wind Shear Effects

9.2.

Thunderstorm Types

9.2.1.

Single-Cell Thunderstorms

9.2.1.1.

Air Mass Thunderstorms

9.2.1.2.

9.2.2.

Multicell Thunderstorms

9.2.2.1.

Multicell Clusters

9.2.2.2.

Multicell Lines

9.2.3.

9.2.3.1.

Structure and Organization

9.2.3.2.

9.2.4.

Supercell Thunderstorms

9.2.4.1.

Supercell Structure

9.2.4.2.

9.2.4.3.

Storm-Relative Flow

9.3.

Lightning and Thunder

9.3.1.

Lightning Formation

9.3.1.1.

Charge Separation

9.3.1.2.

Electric Fields

9.3.1.3.

Lightning Channels

9.3.2.

Lightning Types

9.3.2.1.

Cloud-to-Ground Lightning

9.3.2.2.

Intracloud Lightning

9.3.2.3.

Cloud-to-Cloud Lightning

9.3.2.4.

Positive Lightning

9.3.3.

Thunder Formation

9.3.3.1.

Sound Wave Generation

9.3.3.2.

Thunder Characteristics

9.3.4.

Lightning Safety

9.4.

Thunderstorm Hazards

9.4.1.

9.4.1.1.

9.4.1.2.

9.4.2.

9.4.2.1.

Hailstone Growth

9.4.2.2.

Hail Size Distribution

9.4.2.3.

9.4.3.

9.4.3.1.

9.4.3.2.

9.4.3.3.

Dry Microbursts

9.4.3.4.

Wet Microbursts

9.4.4.

Straight-Line Winds

9.5.

Tornado Formation and Structure

9.5.1.

9.5.1.1.

Supercell Tornadoes

9.5.1.2.

Non-Supercell Tornadoes

9.5.2.

Tornado Structure

9.5.2.1.

Vortex Characteristics

9.5.2.2.

Multiple Vortex Tornadoes

9.5.3.

Tornado Life Cycle

9.5.3.1.

Dust Whirl Stage

9.5.3.2.

Organizing Stage

9.5.3.3.

9.5.3.4.

Shrinking Stage

9.5.3.5.

9.6.

Tornado Classification

9.6.1.

Enhanced Fujita Scale

9.6.1.1.

EF0 through EF5

9.6.1.2.

Damage Indicators

9.6.1.3.

Wind Speed Estimates

9.6.2.

Tornado Intensity Distribution

9.7.

Tornado Climatology

9.7.1.

Geographic Distribution

9.7.1.1.

9.7.1.2.

Secondary Maximum Areas

9.7.2.

Seasonal Patterns

9.7.3.

Diurnal Patterns

9.7.4.

Tornado Outbreaks

9.8.

Tropical Cyclone Formation

9.8.1.

Formation Requirements

9.8.1.1.

Sea Surface Temperature

9.8.1.2.

9.8.1.3.

Coriolis Effect

9.8.1.4.

Atmospheric Instability

9.8.2.

Development Stages

9.8.2.1.

Tropical Disturbance

9.8.2.2.

Tropical Depression

9.8.2.3.

9.8.2.4.

Hurricane Formation

9.8.3.

Formation Regions

9.8.3.1.

9.8.3.2.

9.8.3.3.

9.9.

Tropical Cyclone Structure

9.9.1.

Hurricane Anatomy

9.9.1.1.

9.9.1.2.

9.9.1.3.

9.9.2.

Vertical Structure

9.9.3.

Wind Distribution

9.9.4.

Pressure Distribution

9.10.

Tropical Cyclone Classification

9.10.1.

Saffir-Simpson Scale

9.10.1.1.

Category 1 through 5

9.10.1.2.

Wind Speed Criteria

9.10.1.3.

Damage Potential

9.10.2.

International Classifications

9.11.

Tropical Cyclone Movement

9.11.1.

Steering Mechanisms

9.11.1.1.

Environmental Flow

9.11.1.2.

9.11.2.

Track Forecasting

9.11.3.

9.12.

Tropical Cyclone Hazards

9.12.1.

9.12.1.1.

Surge Generation

9.12.1.2.

Surge Height Factors

9.12.1.3.

Coastal Impacts

9.12.2.

Hurricane Winds

9.12.2.1.

Wind Distribution

9.12.2.2.

9.12.3.

9.12.3.1.

Rainfall Distribution

9.12.3.2.

Inland Flooding

9.12.4.

9.12.4.1.

Hurricane-Spawned Tornadoes

9.12.4.2.

Tornado Distribution

9.13.

Other Severe Weather

9.13.1.

9.13.1.1.

9.13.1.1.1.

Blizzard Criteria

9.13.1.1.2.

Whiteout Conditions

9.13.1.2.

9.13.1.2.1.

Freezing Rain Events

9.13.1.2.2.

Ice Accumulation

9.13.1.2.3.

Infrastructure Impacts

9.13.1.3.

Lake Effect Snow

9.13.2.

9.13.2.1.

9.13.2.1.1.

9.13.2.1.2.

Urban Flash Floods

9.13.2.2.

9.13.2.2.1.

9.13.2.2.2.

9.13.3.

9.13.3.1.

Meteorological Drought

9.13.3.2.

Agricultural Drought

9.13.3.3.

Hydrological Drought

9.13.3.4.

Socioeconomic Drought

9.13.4.

9.13.4.1.

9.13.4.2.

9.13.5.

9.13.5.1.

9.13.5.2.

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8. Air Masses, Fronts, and Mid-Latitude Cyclones

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10. Weather Observation and Analysis