Marine Biology

7.

Human Impacts and Marine Conservation

7.1.

Marine Pollution

7.1.1.

Plastic and Microplastic Debris

7.1.1.1.

Sources and Pathways

7.1.1.2.

Distribution Patterns

7.1.1.3.

Impacts on Marine Life

7.1.1.3.1.

Ingestion Effects

7.1.1.3.2.

7.1.1.3.3.

7.1.2.

Chemical Pollutants

7.1.2.1.

7.1.2.1.1.

7.1.2.1.2.

Chronic Effects

7.1.2.1.3.

Cleanup Methods

7.1.2.2.

7.1.2.2.1.

Sources and Bioaccumulation

7.1.2.2.2.

7.1.2.3.

Persistent Organic Pollutants

7.1.2.3.1.

7.1.2.3.2.

Bioaccumulation

7.1.2.3.3.

Endocrine Disruption

7.1.2.4.

Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products

7.1.2.4.1.

Sources and Occurrence

7.1.2.4.2.

Biological Effects

7.1.3.

Eutrophication and Hypoxia

7.1.3.1.

Nutrient Sources

7.1.3.2.

7.1.3.3.

Dead Zone Formation

7.1.3.4.

Ecosystem Impacts

7.1.4.

Thermal Pollution

7.1.4.1.

Power Plant Discharge

7.1.4.2.

Effects on Marine Life

7.1.5.

Noise Pollution

7.1.5.1.

7.1.5.2.

7.1.5.3.

Marine Mammal Impacts

7.1.6.

Light Pollution

7.1.6.1.

Coastal Development

7.1.6.2.

Effects on Marine Life

7.1.6.3.

Disruption of Biological Rhythms

7.2.

Fisheries and Aquaculture

7.2.1.

Overfishing and Stock Depletion

7.2.1.1.

Fishing Pressure

7.2.1.2.

Stock Assessment

7.2.1.3.

Population Collapse

7.2.2.

Bycatch and Discards

7.2.2.1.

Non-Target Species

7.2.2.2.

Seabird Mortality

7.2.2.3.

Marine Mammal Interactions

7.2.3.

Destructive Fishing Practices

7.2.3.1.

Bottom Trawling

7.2.3.1.1.

Habitat Destruction

7.2.3.1.2.

Benthic Impacts

7.2.3.2.

7.2.3.3.

Cyanide Fishing

7.2.4.

Sustainable Fisheries Management

7.2.4.1.

Maximum Sustainable Yield

7.2.4.2.

Quotas and Regulations

7.2.4.3.

Ecosystem-Based Management

7.2.4.4.

Marine Stewardship Council

7.2.5.

7.2.5.1.

Types of Aquaculture

7.2.5.1.1.

Finfish Farming

7.2.5.1.2.

Shellfish Culture

7.2.5.1.3.

Seaweed Farming

7.2.5.2.

Environmental Impacts

7.2.5.2.1.

Pollution and Waste

7.2.5.2.2.

Disease and Parasites

7.2.5.2.3.

Genetic Impacts

7.2.5.3.

Sustainable Aquaculture Practices

7.3.

Global Climate Change

7.3.1.

7.3.1.1.

Temperature Increases

7.3.1.2.

Effects on Species Distribution

7.3.1.3.

7.3.2.

Ocean Acidification

7.3.2.1.

Carbon Dioxide Absorption

7.3.2.2.

7.3.2.3.

Impacts on Calcifying Organisms

7.3.2.3.1.

Coral Bleaching

7.3.2.3.2.

Shell Dissolution

7.3.3.

7.3.3.1.

Thermal Expansion

7.3.3.2.

Ice Sheet Melting

7.3.3.3.

Coastal Impacts

7.3.3.4.

7.3.4.

Changes in Ocean Circulation

7.3.4.1.

Current Alterations

7.3.4.2.

Upwelling Changes

7.3.5.

Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

7.3.5.1.

Species Range Shifts

7.3.5.2.

Phenological Changes

7.3.5.3.

Ecosystem Disruption

7.4.

Habitat Destruction and Alteration

7.4.1.

Coastal Development

7.4.1.1.

7.4.1.2.

7.4.1.3.

Pollution Sources

7.4.2.

Bottom Trawling

7.4.2.1.

Seafloor Disturbance

7.4.2.2.

Habitat Modification

7.4.3.

7.4.3.1.

Sediment Resuspension

7.4.3.2.

Habitat Destruction

7.4.4.

Coastal Armoring

7.4.4.1.

Seawall Construction

7.4.4.2.

Natural Habitat Loss

7.5.

Invasive Species

7.5.1.

Introduction Pathways

7.5.1.1.

7.5.1.2.

7.5.1.3.

Aquaculture Escapes

7.5.1.4.

7.5.2.

Establishment and Spread

7.5.2.1.

Invasion Process

7.5.2.2.

Factors Promoting Success

7.5.3.

Ecological Impacts

7.5.3.1.

Competition with Native Species

7.5.3.2.

Predation Effects

7.5.3.3.

Ecosystem Alteration

7.5.4.

Economic Impacts

7.5.4.1.

Fisheries Effects

7.5.4.2.

Infrastructure Damage

7.5.5.

Management and Control

7.5.5.1.

Prevention Strategies

7.5.5.2.

Early Detection

7.5.5.3.

Control Methods

7.6.

Marine Conservation and Management

7.6.1.

Marine Protected Areas

7.6.1.1.

MPA Design Principles

7.6.1.2.

Types of Protection

7.6.1.3.

Effectiveness Assessment

7.6.1.4.

7.6.2.

Ecosystem-Based Management

7.6.2.1.

Integrated Approaches

7.6.2.2.

Stakeholder Involvement

7.6.2.3.

Adaptive Management

7.6.3.

Restoration Ecology

7.6.3.1.

Habitat Restoration Techniques

7.6.3.1.1.

Coral Restoration

7.6.3.1.2.

Seagrass Restoration

7.6.3.1.3.

Mangrove Restoration

7.6.3.2.

Success Metrics

7.6.4.

International Law and Policy

7.6.4.1.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

7.6.4.2.

International Agreements

7.6.4.2.1.

7.6.4.2.2.

Convention on Biological Diversity

7.6.4.3.

Regional Fisheries Organizations

7.6.5.

Public Awareness and Education

7.6.5.1.

Citizen Science Programs

7.6.5.2.

Educational Outreach

7.6.5.3.

Community Involvement

7.6.5.4.

Media and Communication

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8. Research Methods in Marine Biology