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Biology
Ecology and Conservation
Marine Biology
1. Introduction to Marine Biology
2. The Marine Environment: Physical and Chemical Properties
3. Diversity of Marine Life
4. Adaptations of Marine Organisms
5. Marine Ecology
6. Major Marine Ecosystems
7. Human Impacts and Marine Conservation
8. Research Methods in Marine Biology
The Marine Environment: Physical and Chemical Properties
Properties of Seawater
Chemical Composition
Salinity and its Measurement
Definition of Salinity
Methods of Measuring Salinity
Variability in Salinity
Factors Affecting Salinity
Major Constituents
Sodium
Chloride
Sulfate
Magnesium
Calcium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Minor and Trace Elements
Nutrients
Nitrate
Phosphate
Silicate
Ammonia
Trace Metals
Iron
Zinc
Copper
Dissolved Gases
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen
Physical Properties
Temperature and Heat Capacity
Temperature Profiles
Seasonal Variation
Latitudinal Variation
Heat Capacity of Water
Density and Stratification
Factors Affecting Density
Temperature Effects
Salinity Effects
Pressure Effects
Thermocline
Halocline
Pycnocline
Pressure
Pressure Increase with Depth
Hydrostatic Pressure
Effects on Organisms
Pressure Adaptations
Viscosity
Influence on Movement
Influence on Mixing
Temperature Effects
Ocean Dynamics
Light in the Ocean
Light Penetration and Attenuation
Absorption
Scattering
Wavelength-Dependent Attenuation
Depth Zones by Light Availability
Euphotic Zone
Disphotic Zone
Aphotic Zone
Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Underwater Vision and Adaptations
Sound in the Ocean
Sound Propagation
Speed of Sound in Water
Factors Affecting Sound Transmission
Sound Channels
The SOFAR Channel
Formation and Characteristics
Importance for Marine Life
Technological Applications
Acoustic Communication
Noise and Marine Life
Ocean Circulation
Surface Currents
Wind-Driven Circulation
Major Ocean Gyres
Ekman Transport
Geostrophic Flow
Upwelling and Downwelling
Coastal Upwelling
Equatorial Upwelling
Seasonal Patterns
Deep-Water Circulation
Thermohaline Circulation
Global Conveyor Belt
Water Mass Formation
Deep Water Masses
Mixing Processes
Waves and Tides
Wave Formation and Types
Wind Waves
Wave Generation
Wave Characteristics
Wave Energy
Tsunamis
Formation Mechanisms
Propagation
Coastal Impacts
Internal Waves
Formation
Biological Significance
Tidal Forces and Patterns
Lunar Influences
Solar Influences
Tidal Generating Forces
Spring and Neap Tides
Tidal Ranges and Types
Diurnal Tides
Semidiurnal Tides
Mixed Tides
Tidal Currents
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1. Introduction to Marine Biology
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3. Diversity of Marine Life