Marine Biology

  1. The Marine Environment: Physical and Chemical Properties
    1. Properties of Seawater
      1. Chemical Composition
        1. Salinity and its Measurement
          1. Definition of Salinity
            1. Methods of Measuring Salinity
              1. Variability in Salinity
                1. Factors Affecting Salinity
                2. Major Constituents
                  1. Sodium
                    1. Chloride
                      1. Sulfate
                        1. Magnesium
                          1. Calcium
                            1. Potassium
                              1. Bicarbonate
                              2. Minor and Trace Elements
                                1. Nutrients
                                  1. Nitrate
                                    1. Phosphate
                                      1. Silicate
                                        1. Ammonia
                                        2. Trace Metals
                                          1. Iron
                                            1. Zinc
                                              1. Copper
                                              2. Dissolved Gases
                                                1. Oxygen
                                                  1. Carbon Dioxide
                                                    1. Nitrogen
                                                2. Physical Properties
                                                  1. Temperature and Heat Capacity
                                                    1. Temperature Profiles
                                                      1. Seasonal Variation
                                                        1. Latitudinal Variation
                                                          1. Heat Capacity of Water
                                                          2. Density and Stratification
                                                            1. Factors Affecting Density
                                                              1. Temperature Effects
                                                                1. Salinity Effects
                                                                  1. Pressure Effects
                                                                    1. Thermocline
                                                                      1. Halocline
                                                                        1. Pycnocline
                                                                        2. Pressure
                                                                          1. Pressure Increase with Depth
                                                                            1. Hydrostatic Pressure
                                                                              1. Effects on Organisms
                                                                                1. Pressure Adaptations
                                                                                2. Viscosity
                                                                                  1. Influence on Movement
                                                                                    1. Influence on Mixing
                                                                                      1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                  2. Ocean Dynamics
                                                                                    1. Light in the Ocean
                                                                                      1. Light Penetration and Attenuation
                                                                                        1. Absorption
                                                                                          1. Scattering
                                                                                            1. Wavelength-Dependent Attenuation
                                                                                            2. Depth Zones by Light Availability
                                                                                              1. Euphotic Zone
                                                                                                1. Disphotic Zone
                                                                                                  1. Aphotic Zone
                                                                                                  2. Photosynthetically Active Radiation
                                                                                                    1. Underwater Vision and Adaptations
                                                                                                    2. Sound in the Ocean
                                                                                                      1. Sound Propagation
                                                                                                        1. Speed of Sound in Water
                                                                                                          1. Factors Affecting Sound Transmission
                                                                                                            1. Sound Channels
                                                                                                            2. The SOFAR Channel
                                                                                                              1. Formation and Characteristics
                                                                                                                1. Importance for Marine Life
                                                                                                                  1. Technological Applications
                                                                                                                  2. Acoustic Communication
                                                                                                                    1. Noise and Marine Life
                                                                                                                    2. Ocean Circulation
                                                                                                                      1. Surface Currents
                                                                                                                        1. Wind-Driven Circulation
                                                                                                                          1. Major Ocean Gyres
                                                                                                                            1. Ekman Transport
                                                                                                                              1. Geostrophic Flow
                                                                                                                                1. Upwelling and Downwelling
                                                                                                                                  1. Coastal Upwelling
                                                                                                                                    1. Equatorial Upwelling
                                                                                                                                      1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                    2. Deep-Water Circulation
                                                                                                                                      1. Thermohaline Circulation
                                                                                                                                        1. Global Conveyor Belt
                                                                                                                                          1. Water Mass Formation
                                                                                                                                            1. Deep Water Masses
                                                                                                                                              1. Mixing Processes
                                                                                                                                            2. Waves and Tides
                                                                                                                                              1. Wave Formation and Types
                                                                                                                                                1. Wind Waves
                                                                                                                                                  1. Wave Generation
                                                                                                                                                    1. Wave Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                      1. Wave Energy
                                                                                                                                                      2. Tsunamis
                                                                                                                                                        1. Formation Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                          1. Propagation
                                                                                                                                                            1. Coastal Impacts
                                                                                                                                                            2. Internal Waves
                                                                                                                                                              1. Formation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Biological Significance
                                                                                                                                                              2. Tidal Forces and Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                1. Lunar Influences
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Solar Influences
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Tidal Generating Forces
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Spring and Neap Tides
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tidal Ranges and Types
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Diurnal Tides
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Semidiurnal Tides
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Mixed Tides
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Tidal Currents