Marine Biology

  1. Diversity of Marine Life
    1. Principles of Classification
      1. Taxonomy and Systematics
        1. Binomial Nomenclature
          1. Hierarchical Classification
            1. Phylogenetic Relationships
              1. Molecular Systematics
              2. The Three Domains of Life
                1. Bacteria
                  1. Archaea
                    1. Eukarya
                    2. Species Concepts in Marine Biology
                      1. Morphological Species
                        1. Biological Species
                          1. Ecological Species
                        2. Marine Microorganisms
                          1. Marine Viruses
                            1. Viral Diversity
                              1. Role in Marine Ecosystems
                                1. Viral Lysis and Nutrient Cycling
                                  1. Marine Viral Ecology
                                  2. Marine Bacteria and Archaea
                                    1. Cyanobacteria
                                      1. Photosynthetic Role
                                        1. Nitrogen Fixation
                                          1. Bloom Formation
                                          2. Chemosynthetic Bacteria
                                            1. Hydrothermal Vent Communities
                                              1. Cold Seep Communities
                                                1. Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria
                                                2. Extremophiles
                                                  1. Adaptations to Extreme Environments
                                                    1. Thermophiles
                                                      1. Halophiles
                                                        1. Barophiles
                                                        2. Marine Heterotrophic Bacteria
                                                          1. Decomposition Processes
                                                            1. Nutrient Cycling
                                                        3. Marine Protists
                                                          1. Producers: The Phytoplankton
                                                            1. Diatoms
                                                              1. Silica Cell Walls
                                                                1. Ecological Importance
                                                                  1. Diversity and Distribution
                                                                  2. Dinoflagellates
                                                                    1. Bioluminescence
                                                                      1. Harmful Algal Blooms
                                                                        1. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                        2. Coccolithophores
                                                                          1. Calcium Carbonate Plates
                                                                            1. Role in Carbon Cycling
                                                                            2. Other Phytoplankton Groups
                                                                              1. Cryptophytes
                                                                                1. Haptophytes
                                                                                  1. Prasinophytes
                                                                                2. Consumers: The Zooplankton
                                                                                  1. Foraminiferans
                                                                                    1. Calcium Carbonate Shells
                                                                                      1. Paleoceanographic Importance
                                                                                      2. Radiolarians
                                                                                        1. Silica Skeletons
                                                                                          1. Deep-Sea Distribution
                                                                                          2. Ciliates
                                                                                            1. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                              1. Microbial Loop Role
                                                                                              2. Other Protistan Consumers
                                                                                                1. Heterotrophic Flagellates
                                                                                                  1. Amoeboid Protists
                                                                                              3. Marine Fungi and Seaweeds
                                                                                                1. Marine Fungi
                                                                                                  1. Ecological Roles
                                                                                                    1. Decomposition Processes
                                                                                                      1. Symbiotic Relationships
                                                                                                        1. Parasitic Relationships
                                                                                                        2. Multicellular Algae
                                                                                                          1. Green Algae
                                                                                                            1. Pigments and Photosynthesis
                                                                                                              1. Habitat Distribution
                                                                                                                1. Life Cycles
                                                                                                                2. Brown Algae
                                                                                                                  1. Kelp Forests
                                                                                                                    1. Fucoids
                                                                                                                      1. Life Cycles and Reproduction
                                                                                                                      2. Red Algae
                                                                                                                        1. Deep Water Adaptations
                                                                                                                          1. Coralline Algae
                                                                                                                            1. Economic Importance
                                                                                                                        2. Marine Plants
                                                                                                                          1. Seagrasses
                                                                                                                            1. Structure and Anatomy
                                                                                                                              1. Reproduction and Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                1. Ecological Importance
                                                                                                                                  1. Habitat Requirements
                                                                                                                                  2. Salt-Marsh Plants
                                                                                                                                    1. Adaptations to Salinity
                                                                                                                                      1. Zonation Patterns
                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Functions
                                                                                                                                        2. Mangroves
                                                                                                                                          1. Root Structures and Adaptations
                                                                                                                                            1. Species Diversity
                                                                                                                                              1. Role in Coastal Protection
                                                                                                                                                1. Ecological Services
                                                                                                                                              2. Marine Invertebrates
                                                                                                                                                1. Phylum Porifera
                                                                                                                                                  1. Body Structure and Organization
                                                                                                                                                    1. Filter Feeding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                      1. Reproduction and Development
                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Roles
                                                                                                                                                        2. Phylum Cnidaria
                                                                                                                                                          1. Basic Body Plans
                                                                                                                                                            1. Polyp Form
                                                                                                                                                              1. Medusa Form
                                                                                                                                                              2. Hydrozoans
                                                                                                                                                                1. Colonial Forms
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Scyphozoans
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Jellyfish Biology
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Life Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Cubozoans
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Box Jelly Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Venomous Species
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Anthozoans
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sea Anemones
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Corals
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hard Corals
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Soft Corals
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Coral Reef Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phylum Ctenophora
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Locomotion Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioluminescence
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Marine Worms
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Platyhelminthes
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Free-Living Flatworms
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Parasitic Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Nemertea
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ribbon Worm Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Feeding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Annelida
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Polychaetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Errant Polychaetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sedentary Polychaetes
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Tube-Building Species
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Phylum Mollusca
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Gastropods
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Shell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Feeding Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Bivalves
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Filter Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Shell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Burrowing Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Cephalopods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Intelligence and Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Locomotion and Jet Propulsion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Camouflage and Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Polyplacophora
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chiton Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Habitat and Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Phylum Arthropoda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Crustaceans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Decapods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Crabs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Lobsters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Shrimp
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Copepods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Planktonic Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Parasitic Forms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Amphipods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Isopods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Barnacles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Acorn Barnacles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Goose Barnacles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chelicerates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Horseshoe Crabs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sea Spiders
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Phylum Echinodermata
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Asteroidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sea Star Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Feeding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Ophiuroidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Brittle Star Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Locomotion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Echinoidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sea Urchin Biology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Sand Dollar Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Holothuroidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sea Cucumber Characteristics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Crinoidea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Feather Stars
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Sea Lilies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Other Invertebrate Phyla
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bryozoa
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Colonial Organization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Filter Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Brachiopoda
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Shell Structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Feeding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Tunicates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ascidians
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Larvaceans
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Salps
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Filter Feeding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Marine Vertebrates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Marine Fishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Agnatha
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Hagfish
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Feeding and Scavenging
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Slime Production
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Lampreys
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Parasitic Lifestyle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Life Cycle
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Chondrichthyes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sharks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sensory Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Reproduction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Rays and Skates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Benthic Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Electric Rays
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Chimaeras
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Deep-Sea Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          3. Osteichthyes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ray-Finned Fishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Diversity and Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Swim Bladder Function
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Lobe-Finned Fishes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Coelacanths
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Marine Reptiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Sea Turtles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Species Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Life Cycle and Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Migration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Conservation Status
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Sea Snakes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Adaptations to Marine Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Venom and Feeding
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Marine Iguanas
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Feeding Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thermoregulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Saltwater Crocodiles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Marine Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Distribution and Ecology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Seabirds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Penguins
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Adaptations to Marine Life
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Diving Abilities
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Species Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Tubenoses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Albatrosses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Petrels
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Shearwaters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Pelicans and Relatives
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Colonial Nesting
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Gulls and Terns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Feeding Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Migration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Auks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Diving Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Arctic Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Marine Mammals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Order Cetacea
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Baleen Whales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Filter Feeding Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Migration Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Species Diversity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Toothed Whales
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Echolocation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Social Behavior
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Feeding Strategies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Order Sirenia
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Manatees
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Dugongs
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Herbivorous Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Order Carnivora
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Pinnipeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Seals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sea Lions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Walruses
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Diving Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Marine Fissipeds
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Sea Otters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Polar Bears