Mammalogy

  1. Mammalian Behavior
    1. Foraging and Feeding Behavior
      1. Optimal Foraging Theory
        1. Energy Maximization
          1. Time Minimization
            1. Risk Assessment
            2. Predation Strategies
              1. Stalking
                1. Ambush
                  1. Pursuit
                    1. Cooperative Hunting
                    2. Anti-Predator Behaviors
                      1. Vigilance
                        1. Scanning Behavior
                          1. Group Vigilance
                          2. Alarm Calls
                            1. Warning Systems
                              1. Referential Calls
                              2. Group Defense
                                1. Mobbing
                                  1. Formation Defense
                                  2. Escape Behaviors
                                    1. Flight Responses
                                      1. Hiding Strategies
                                    2. Food Caching
                                      1. Scatter Hoarding
                                        1. Larder hoarding
                                          1. Cache Protection
                                            1. Spatial Memory
                                          2. Communication
                                            1. Visual Signals
                                              1. Body Postures
                                                1. Threat Displays
                                                  1. Submissive Postures
                                                  2. Facial Expressions
                                                    1. Emotional States
                                                      1. Social Signals
                                                      2. Coloration
                                                        1. Warning Coloration
                                                          1. Sexual Signals
                                                        2. Acoustic Signals
                                                          1. Vocalizations
                                                            1. Calls and Songs
                                                              1. Territorial Calls
                                                                1. Mating Calls
                                                                2. Ultrasonic Communication
                                                                  1. Echolocation Calls
                                                                    1. Social Ultrasounds
                                                                    2. Mechanical Sounds
                                                                      1. Drumming
                                                                        1. Teeth Chattering
                                                                      2. Chemical Signals
                                                                        1. Pheromones
                                                                          1. Sex Pheromones
                                                                            1. Alarm Pheromones
                                                                              1. Trail Pheromones
                                                                              2. Scent Marking
                                                                                1. Territorial Marking
                                                                                  1. Individual Recognition
                                                                                    1. Reproductive Status
                                                                                  2. Tactile Signals
                                                                                    1. Grooming
                                                                                      1. Social Grooming
                                                                                        1. Self-Grooming
                                                                                        2. Social Touch
                                                                                          1. Nuzzling
                                                                                            1. Play Fighting
                                                                                        3. Social Behavior and Organization
                                                                                          1. Solitary Living
                                                                                            1. Advantages and Disadvantages
                                                                                              1. Territorial Behavior
                                                                                              2. Social Living
                                                                                                1. Family Groups
                                                                                                  1. Nuclear Families
                                                                                                    1. Extended Families
                                                                                                    2. Colonies
                                                                                                      1. Breeding Colonies
                                                                                                        1. Roosting Colonies
                                                                                                        2. Herds and Packs
                                                                                                          1. Fission-Fusion Societies
                                                                                                            1. Stable Groups
                                                                                                          2. Group Structure and Dynamics
                                                                                                            1. Leadership
                                                                                                              1. Alpha Individuals
                                                                                                                1. Consensus Decision Making
                                                                                                                2. Group Size
                                                                                                                  1. Optimal Group Size
                                                                                                                    1. Factors Affecting Size
                                                                                                                    2. Group Cohesion
                                                                                                                      1. Coordination Mechanisms
                                                                                                                        1. Group Movement
                                                                                                                      2. Dominance Hierarchies
                                                                                                                        1. Linear Hierarchies
                                                                                                                          1. Rank Order
                                                                                                                            1. Stability
                                                                                                                            2. Despotic Systems
                                                                                                                              1. Alpha Dominance
                                                                                                                                1. Subordinate Relationships
                                                                                                                                2. Benefits and Costs
                                                                                                                                  1. Resource Access
                                                                                                                                    1. Stress and Health
                                                                                                                                  2. Cooperation
                                                                                                                                    1. Cooperative Breeding
                                                                                                                                      1. Helper Systems
                                                                                                                                        1. Reproductive Suppression
                                                                                                                                        2. Group Hunting
                                                                                                                                          1. Coordinated Attacks
                                                                                                                                            1. Role Specialization
                                                                                                                                            2. Information Sharing
                                                                                                                                              1. Food Location
                                                                                                                                                1. Danger Alerts
                                                                                                                                              2. Altruism
                                                                                                                                                1. Kin Selection
                                                                                                                                                  1. Hamilton's Rule
                                                                                                                                                    1. Inclusive Fitness
                                                                                                                                                    2. Reciprocal Altruism
                                                                                                                                                      1. Tit-for-Tat Strategies
                                                                                                                                                        1. Long-term Relationships
                                                                                                                                                    3. Spatial Organization
                                                                                                                                                      1. Home Range
                                                                                                                                                        1. Definition and Measurement
                                                                                                                                                          1. Core Areas
                                                                                                                                                            1. Factors Affecting Size
                                                                                                                                                              1. Body Size
                                                                                                                                                                1. Resource Distribution
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Population Density
                                                                                                                                                                2. Territoriality
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Territory Defense
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Boundary Patrol
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Intruder Expulsion
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Scent Marking
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Boundary Marking
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Refreshing Marks
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Economic Defendability
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Resource Value
                                                                                                                                                                            2. Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Natal Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Timing and Distance
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Dispersal Triggers
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sex-Biased Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Male-Biased Dispersal
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Female Philopatry
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Dispersal Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Geographic Obstacles
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Social Barriers
                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Biological Rhythms and Activity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Circadian Rhythms
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Endogenous Clocks
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Molecular Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Environmental Cues
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Light-Dark Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Temperature Cycles
                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Entrainment
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Phase Shifting
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Free-Running Rhythms
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Activity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Nocturnal Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Adaptations for Night Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Predator Avoidance
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Diurnal Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Daylight Foraging
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Visual Hunting
                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Crepuscular Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Dawn and Dusk Activity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Twilight Adaptations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Seasonal Activity Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Migration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Movements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Breeding Seasonality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Photoperiod Response
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Resource Availability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Hibernation and Torpor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Seasonal Timing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Environmental Triggers

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                      4. Reproduction and Life History

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                      6. Ecology and Biogeography