Macroeconomics of Climate Change

9.

Long-Term Growth, Development, and Sustainability

9.1.

The Concept of Green Growth

9.1.1.

Decoupling Economic Growth from Emissions

9.1.1.1.

Absolute vs. Relative Decoupling

9.1.1.2.

Policy Instruments for Decoupling

9.1.1.3.

Empirical Evidence

9.1.2.

The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis

9.1.2.1.

Theoretical Foundations

9.1.2.2.

Empirical Evidence

9.1.2.3.

Critiques and Limitations

9.1.3.

Circular Economy Principles

9.1.3.1.

Resource Efficiency

9.1.3.2.

Waste Reduction

9.1.3.3.

Industrial Symbiosis

9.2.

Climate Change and Economic Development

9.2.1.

Disproportionate Impacts on Low-Income Countries

9.2.1.1.

Vulnerability and Exposure

9.2.1.2.

Adaptive Capacity Constraints

9.2.1.3.

Development Co-benefits

9.2.2.

Climate Change and Poverty Traps

9.2.2.1.

9.2.2.2.

Barriers to Escaping Poverty

9.2.2.3.

Asset Destruction and Recovery

9.2.3.

Adaptation Deficits

9.2.3.1.

Gaps in Infrastructure and Resources

9.2.3.2.

Institutional Challenges

9.2.3.3.

Financing Constraints

9.2.4.

Climate-Resilient Development Pathways

9.2.4.1.

Mainstreaming Adaptation

9.2.4.2.

Synergies and Trade-offs

9.2.4.3.

Transformational Change

9.3.

Inequality and Climate Change

9.3.1.

Intra-generational Equity

9.3.1.1.

Distributional Impacts of Climate Policies

9.3.1.2.

Social Justice Considerations

9.3.1.3.

Procedural Justice

9.3.2.

Inter-generational Equity

9.3.2.1.

Discounting Future Damages

9.3.2.2.

Ethical Frameworks

9.3.2.3.

Rights of Future Generations

9.3.3.

Global Equity and Climate Justice

9.3.3.1.

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities

9.3.3.2.

Historical Emissions

9.3.3.3.

Capability and Responsibility

9.4.

Measuring Economic Welfare Beyond GDP

9.4.1.

Green GDP and Natural Capital Accounting

9.4.1.1.

Adjusted National Accounts

9.4.1.2.

Valuation of Ecosystem Services

9.4.1.3.

Depreciation of Natural Capital

9.4.2.

Sustainable Development Goals

9.4.2.1.

Climate-Related SDGs

9.4.2.2.

Integration with National Policy Frameworks

9.4.2.3.

Measurement and Monitoring

9.4.3.

Alternative Welfare Measures

9.4.3.1.

Genuine Progress Indicator

9.4.3.2.

Human Development Index

9.4.3.3.

Gross National Happiness

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8. International Macroeconomic Dimensions

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10. Technological Change and Innovation