Health Economics (Healthcare Economics and Innovation)

  1. Economic Evaluation and Health Technology Assessment
    1. Principles of Economic Evaluation
      1. Study Perspective
        1. Societal Perspective
          1. Healthcare System Perspective
            1. Payer Perspective
              1. Patient Perspective
              2. Cost Identification and Measurement
                1. Direct Medical Costs
                  1. Direct Non-Medical Costs
                    1. Indirect Costs
                      1. Productivity Losses
                        1. Friction Cost Method
                          1. Human Capital Method
                          2. Intangible Costs
                          3. Outcome Measurement
                            1. Clinical Outcomes
                              1. Quality of Life Measures
                                1. Utility Measures
                                  1. Standard Gamble
                                    1. Time Trade-Off
                                      1. Visual Analog Scale
                                      2. Quality-Adjusted Life Years
                                        1. Disability-Adjusted Life Years
                                        2. Time Preference and Discounting
                                          1. Discount Rates
                                            1. Present Value Calculations
                                              1. Sensitivity Analysis
                                            2. Methods of Economic Evaluation
                                              1. Cost-Benefit Analysis
                                                1. Monetary Valuation of Benefits
                                                  1. Willingness-to-Pay Methods
                                                    1. Net Present Value
                                                      1. Benefit-Cost Ratios
                                                      2. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
                                                        1. Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratios
                                                          1. Cost-Effectiveness Planes
                                                            1. Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curves
                                                            2. Cost-Utility Analysis
                                                              1. QALY Calculations
                                                                1. Utility Weights
                                                                  1. Health State Valuations
                                                                  2. Cost-Minimization Analysis
                                                                    1. Equivalence Assumptions
                                                                      1. Appropriate Applications
                                                                      2. Budget Impact Analysis
                                                                        1. Population Impact
                                                                          1. Affordability Considerations
                                                                        2. Health Technology Assessment
                                                                          1. HTA Process and Methods
                                                                            1. Evidence Synthesis
                                                                              1. Systematic Reviews
                                                                                1. Meta-Analysis
                                                                                2. Decision-Making Frameworks
                                                                                  1. Coverage Decisions
                                                                                    1. Formulary Management
                                                                                      1. Clinical Guidelines
                                                                                      2. International HTA Agencies
                                                                                        1. NICE (United Kingdom)
                                                                                          1. CADTH (Canada)
                                                                                            1. IQWiG (Germany)
                                                                                              1. PBAC (Australia)
                                                                                              2. Challenges in HTA
                                                                                                1. Data Limitations
                                                                                                  1. Methodological Issues
                                                                                                    1. Stakeholder Perspectives
                                                                                                      1. Implementation Barriers

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                                                                                                  5. Government Intervention and Healthcare Systems

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                                                                                                  7. Pharmaceutical Economics and Innovation