Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

1. GNSS Error Sources and Mitigation
   1. Satellite-Related Errors
      1. Satellite Clock Errors
         1. Clock Drift and Bias
         2. Relativistic Effects
         3. Clock Modeling
      2. Orbital Errors
         1. Ephemeris Prediction Errors
         2. Orbital Perturbations
         3. Solar Radiation Pressure
   2. Signal Propagation Errors
      1. Ionospheric Effects
         1. Total Electron Content
         2. Frequency-Dependent Delay
         3. Ionospheric Models
         4. Dual-Frequency Correction
      2. Tropospheric Effects
         1. Dry Component Delay
         2. Wet Component Delay
         3. Tropospheric Models
         4. Meteorological Corrections
   3. Receiver and Environment Errors
      1. Receiver Clock Errors
      2. Thermal Noise
      3. Multipath Propagation
         1. Reflection Mechanisms
         2. Multipath Mitigation Techniques
         3. Antenna Design Considerations
      4. Antenna Phase Center Variations
   4. Geometric Factors
      1. Dilution of Precision Concepts
      2. Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP)
      3. Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP)
      4. Horizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP)
      5. Vertical Dilution of Precision (VDOP)
      6. Time Dilution of Precision (TDOP)