Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)

5.

Positioning Principles

5.1.

Range Measurement Fundamentals

5.1.1.

Time-of-Flight Concept

5.1.2.

Pseudorange Definition

5.1.3.

Code Phase Measurement

5.1.4.

Carrier Phase Measurement

5.2.

Geometric Positioning

5.2.1.

Trilateration Principles

5.2.2.

Two-Dimensional Positioning

5.2.3.

Three-Dimensional Positioning

5.2.4.

Hyperbolic Positioning

5.3.

Navigation Equation Solution

5.3.1.

Linearized Least Squares

5.3.2.

Weighted Least Squares

5.3.3.

Kalman Filtering

5.3.4.

Extended Kalman Filter

5.4.

Clock Bias Determination

5.4.1.

Receiver Clock Error

5.4.2.

Four-Satellite Solution

5.4.3.

Clock Synchronization Methods

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4. GNSS Signal Structure and Processing

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6. Major GNSS Constellations