Geomorphology

  1. Karst Geomorphology
    1. Karst Development Conditions
      1. Lithological Requirements
        1. Limestone Characteristics
          1. Dolomite Properties
            1. Evaporite Rocks
              1. Quartzite Karst
              2. Hydrological Conditions
                1. Water Availability
                  1. Groundwater Flow
                    1. Hydraulic Gradients
                    2. Chemical Conditions
                      1. Water Chemistry
                        1. pH Levels
                          1. Carbon Dioxide Levels
                          2. Structural Controls
                            1. Bedding Characteristics
                              1. Joint Systems
                                1. Fault Networks
                                  1. Fracture Density
                                2. Karst Processes
                                  1. Solution Chemistry
                                    1. Carbonic Acid System
                                      1. Equilibrium Reactions
                                        1. Kinetics of Dissolution
                                        2. Speleogenesis
                                          1. Cave Initiation
                                            1. Cave Development
                                              1. Phreatic Zone Processes
                                                1. Vadose Zone Processes
                                              2. Surface Karst Landforms
                                                1. Solution Features
                                                  1. Sinkholes
                                                    1. Solution Sinkholes
                                                      1. Collapse Sinkholes
                                                        1. Subsidence Sinkholes
                                                        2. Karren
                                                          1. Rillenkarren
                                                            1. Rinnenkarren
                                                              1. Kluftkarren
                                                            2. Karst Valleys
                                                              1. Blind Valleys
                                                                1. Dry Valleys
                                                                  1. Pocket Valleys
                                                                  2. Karst Plains
                                                                    1. Cockpit Karst
                                                                      1. Tower Karst
                                                                        1. Cone Karst
                                                                        2. Karst Plateaus
                                                                          1. Limestone Pavements
                                                                            1. Grikes and Clints
                                                                          2. Subsurface Karst Features
                                                                            1. Cave Systems
                                                                              1. Cave Passages
                                                                                1. Cave Chambers
                                                                                  1. Cave Networks
                                                                                    1. Underground Rivers
                                                                                    2. Speleothems
                                                                                      1. Dripstone Features
                                                                                        1. Stalactites
                                                                                          1. Stalagmites
                                                                                            1. Columns
                                                                                            2. Flowstone Features
                                                                                              1. Helictites
                                                                                                1. Cave Pearls
                                                                                                2. Cave Sediments
                                                                                                  1. Clastic Cave Fills
                                                                                                    1. Chemical Precipitates
                                                                                                  2. Karst Hydrology
                                                                                                    1. Groundwater Flow
                                                                                                      1. Spring Systems
                                                                                                        1. Underground Drainage
                                                                                                          1. Karst Aquifers
                                                                                                          2. Pseudokarst
                                                                                                            1. Piping
                                                                                                              1. Thermokarst
                                                                                                                1. Volcanic Pseudokarst

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                                                                                                              8. Coastal Geomorphology

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                                                                                                              10. Biogeomorphology and Human Impacts