General Chemistry

As a foundational course within the broader field of chemistry, General Chemistry introduces the essential principles and quantitative problem-solving skills necessary for further study. It explores the fundamental nature of matter, including atomic structure, the periodic table, and chemical bonding, before delving into the dynamics of chemical reactions through the study of stoichiometry, thermodynamics, kinetics, and equilibrium. This comprehensive survey provides the conceptual framework for understanding the composition, properties, and transformations of substances, serving as the bedrock for all specialized chemical disciplines.

1. Introduction to Chemistry
   1. Definition and Scope of Chemistry
      1. What is Chemistry
      2. Branches of Chemistry
         1. Organic Chemistry
         2. Inorganic Chemistry
         3. Physical Chemistry
         4. Analytical Chemistry
         5. Biochemistry
      3. Chemistry in Daily Life
      4. Chemistry and Other Sciences
   2. The Scientific Method
      1. Observation and Question Formation
      2. Hypothesis Formation
      3. Experimental Design
         1. Variables and Controls
         2. Independent Variables
         3. Dependent Variables
         4. Constants
      4. Data Collection and Analysis
      5. Theory and Law Development
      6. Peer Review and Scientific Communication
   3. Classification of Matter
      1. Pure Substances
         1. Elements
            1. Definition of Elements
            2. Atomic Symbols
            3. Naturally Occurring Elements
            4. Synthetic Elements
         2. Compounds
            1. Definition of Compounds
            2. Chemical Formulas
            3. Molecular vs Ionic Compounds
      2. Mixtures
         1. Homogeneous Mixtures
            1. Solutions
            2. Alloys
            3. Gaseous Mixtures
         2. Heterogeneous Mixtures
            1. Suspensions
            2. Colloids
            3. Emulsions
      3. Separation Techniques
         1. Physical Separation Methods
         2. Filtration
         3. Distillation
         4. Chromatography
         5. Crystallization
   4. Properties of Matter
      1. Physical Properties
         1. Color and Appearance
         2. Odor and Taste
         3. Melting Point
         4. Boiling Point
         5. Density
         6. Solubility
         7. Conductivity
         8. Malleability and Ductility
      2. Chemical Properties
         1. Reactivity with Other Substances
         2. Flammability
         3. Corrosiveness
         4. Toxicity
         5. pH Behavior
      3. Intensive vs Extensive Properties
         1. Intensive Properties
         2. Extensive Properties
         3. Examples and Applications
   5. States of Matter
      1. Solid State
         1. Particle Arrangement
         2. Properties of Solids
         3. Types of Solids
      2. Liquid State
         1. Particle Arrangement
         2. Properties of Liquids
         3. Fluid Behavior
      3. Gaseous State
         1. Particle Arrangement
         2. Properties of Gases
         3. Gas Behavior
      4. Plasma State
         1. Formation of Plasma
         2. Properties of Plasma
         3. Natural and Artificial Plasma
      5. Phase Transitions
         1. Melting and Freezing
         2. Vaporization and Condensation
         3. Sublimation and Deposition
         4. Energy Changes During Phase Transitions
   6. Measurement and Units
      1. SI Base Units
         1. Length
         2. Mass
         3. Time
         4. Amount of Substance
         5. Temperature
         6. Electric Current
         7. Luminous Intensity
      2. Derived Units
         1. Area and Volume
         2. Density
         3. Speed and Velocity
         4. Force and Pressure
      3. Metric Prefixes
         1. Common Prefixes
         2. Conversion Between Prefixes
      4. Temperature Scales
         1. Celsius Scale
         2. Fahrenheit Scale
         3. Kelvin Scale
         4. Temperature Conversions
   7. Uncertainty in Measurement
      1. Accuracy vs Precision
         1. Definitions
         2. Sources of Error
         3. Systematic vs Random Errors
      2. Significant Figures
         1. Rules for Counting Significant Figures
         2. Rounding Rules
         3. Addition and Subtraction
         4. Multiplication and Division
      3. Scientific Notation
         1. Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
         2. Operations with Scientific Notation
         3. Converting to and from Standard Form
   8. Dimensional Analysis
      1. Unit Conversion Principles
      2. Conversion Factors
      3. Single-Step Conversions
      4. Multi-Step Conversions
      5. Problem-Solving Strategy