UsefulLinks
Chemistry
Fundamental Chemistry
General Chemistry
1. Introduction to Chemistry
2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
3. Stoichiometry
4. Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
5. Thermochemistry
6. Electronic Structure of Atoms
7. Periodic Properties of Elements
8. Chemical Bonding I: Basic Concepts
9. Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Geometry
10. Gases
11. Intermolecular Forces and Liquids
12. Solids and Modern Materials
13. Properties of Solutions
14. Chemical Kinetics
15. Chemical Equilibrium
16. Acids and Bases
17. Additional Equilibria
18. Chemical Thermodynamics
19. Electrochemistry
20. Nuclear Chemistry
18.
Chemical Thermodynamics
18.1.
Spontaneous Processes
18.1.1.
Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Processes
18.1.2.
Reversible vs Irreversible Processes
18.1.3.
Criteria for Spontaneity
18.2.
Entropy
18.2.1.
Definition of Entropy
18.2.2.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
18.2.3.
Entropy Changes in the Universe
18.2.4.
Standard Molar Entropies
18.2.5.
Calculating Entropy Changes
18.3.
Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
18.3.1.
Microstates and Macrostates
18.3.2.
Boltzmann's Equation
18.3.3.
Factors Affecting Entropy
18.4.
Gibbs Free Energy
18.4.1.
Definition of Gibbs Free Energy
18.4.2.
Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity
18.4.3.
Standard Free Energy Changes
18.4.4.
Free Energy and Temperature
18.5.
Free Energy and Equilibrium
18.5.1.
Relationship Between ΔG and K
18.5.2.
Free Energy Changes Under Nonstandard Conditions
18.5.3.
Coupled Reactions
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17. Additional Equilibria
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19. Electrochemistry