General Chemistry

  1. Chemical Thermodynamics
    1. Spontaneous Processes
      1. Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Processes
        1. Reversible vs Irreversible Processes
          1. Criteria for Spontaneity
          2. Entropy
            1. Definition of Entropy
              1. Second Law of Thermodynamics
                1. Entropy Changes in the Universe
                  1. Standard Molar Entropies
                    1. Calculating Entropy Changes
                    2. Molecular Interpretation of Entropy
                      1. Microstates and Macrostates
                        1. Boltzmann's Equation
                          1. Factors Affecting Entropy
                          2. Gibbs Free Energy
                            1. Definition of Gibbs Free Energy
                              1. Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity
                                1. Standard Free Energy Changes
                                  1. Free Energy and Temperature
                                  2. Free Energy and Equilibrium
                                    1. Relationship Between ΔG and K
                                      1. Free Energy Changes Under Nonstandard Conditions
                                        1. Coupled Reactions

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                                      17. Additional Equilibria

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                                      19. Electrochemistry