Chemical Thermodynamics

Spontaneous vs Nonspontaneous Processes

Reversible vs Irreversible Processes

Criteria for Spontaneity

Definition of Entropy

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Entropy Changes in the Universe

Standard Molar Entropies

Calculating Entropy Changes

Microstates and Macrostates

Boltzmann's Equation

Factors Affecting Entropy

Definition of Gibbs Free Energy

Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity

Standard Free Energy Changes

Free Energy and Temperature

Relationship Between ΔG and K

Free Energy Changes Under Nonstandard Conditions

Coupled Reactions