General Chemistry

11.

Intermolecular Forces and Liquids

11.1.

Kinetic-Molecular Description of Liquids and Solids

11.1.1.

Comparison with Gases

11.1.2.

Intermolecular Forces in Condensed Phases

11.2.

Intermolecular Forces

11.2.1.

London Dispersion Forces

11.2.1.1.

Origin of Dispersion Forces

11.2.1.2.

Factors Affecting Strength

11.2.2.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

11.2.2.1.

Permanent Dipoles

11.2.2.2.

Orientation Effects

11.2.3.

Hydrogen Bonding

11.2.3.1.

Requirements for Hydrogen Bonding

11.2.3.2.

Strength of Hydrogen Bonds

11.2.3.3.

Effects on Properties

11.2.4.

Ion-Dipole Forces

11.2.5.

Comparing Intermolecular Forces

11.3.

Properties of Liquids

11.3.1.

11.3.1.1.

Factors Affecting Viscosity

11.3.1.2.

Temperature Dependence

11.3.2.

Surface Tension

11.3.2.1.

Origin of Surface Tension

11.3.3.

Capillary Action

11.3.4.

Wetting and Non-wetting

11.4.

11.4.1.

Types of Phase Changes

11.4.2.

Energy Changes in Phase Transitions

11.4.3.

11.4.4.

11.4.5.

11.4.5.1.

Dynamic Equilibrium

11.4.5.2.

Factors Affecting Vapor Pressure

11.4.5.3.

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

11.4.6.

11.4.6.1.

Normal Boiling Point

11.4.6.2.

Effect of Pressure on Boiling Point

11.4.7.

11.4.8.

Critical Temperature and Pressure

11.5.

11.5.1.

Components of Phase Diagrams

11.5.2.

Phase Boundaries

11.5.3.

11.5.4.

11.5.5.

Interpreting Phase Diagrams

11.5.6.

Phase Diagrams of Water and Carbon Dioxide

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12. Solids and Modern Materials