Fiber Optics
Fiber optics is a branch of applied physics that deals with the transmission of information as pulses of light through thin, flexible fibers, typically made of glass or plastic. This technology operates on the principle of total internal reflection, where light entering the fiber is continuously reflected off the inner walls, allowing it to be guided over vast distances with minimal signal loss and immunity to electromagnetic interference. As the backbone of modern telecommunications, the internet, and high-speed data networks, fiber optics also has crucial interdisciplinary applications in medical imaging (endoscopy), sensing, and specialized lighting.