Fiber Optic Communications

  1. Optical Amplification
    1. Amplification Principles
      1. Need for Amplification
        1. Loss Compensation
          1. Signal Regeneration
            1. System Reach Extension
            2. Amplification Mechanisms
              1. Stimulated Emission
                1. Population Inversion
                  1. Gain Medium Properties
                2. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
                  1. EDFA Structure
                    1. Erbium-Doped Fiber
                      1. Pump Laser
                        1. Optical Isolators
                          1. Wavelength Division Multiplexers
                          2. Pumping Schemes
                            1. 980 nm Pumping
                              1. 1480 nm Pumping
                                1. Dual Pumping
                                  1. Pump Power Requirements
                                  2. Gain Characteristics
                                    1. Gain Spectrum
                                      1. Gain Saturation
                                        1. Noise Figure
                                          1. Gain Flatness
                                          2. EDFA Performance
                                            1. Output Power
                                              1. Gain Bandwidth
                                                1. Polarization Dependence
                                                  1. Temperature Stability
                                                2. Raman Amplification
                                                  1. Raman Scattering Process
                                                    1. Stimulated Raman Scattering
                                                      1. Frequency Shift
                                                        1. Gain Mechanism
                                                        2. Distributed Raman Amplification
                                                          1. Transmission Fiber as Gain Medium
                                                            1. Backward Pumping
                                                              1. Forward Pumping
                                                                1. Bidirectional Pumping
                                                                2. Lumped Raman Amplification
                                                                  1. Discrete Raman Gain Modules
                                                                    1. High Nonlinearity Fiber
                                                                    2. Raman Amplifier Characteristics
                                                                      1. Gain Bandwidth
                                                                        1. Pump Wavelength Selection
                                                                          1. Noise Performance
                                                                        2. Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
                                                                          1. SOA Structure
                                                                            1. Active Region Design
                                                                              1. Facet Reflectivity
                                                                                1. Waveguide Geometry
                                                                                2. SOA Operation
                                                                                  1. Current Injection
                                                                                    1. Carrier Density
                                                                                      1. Gain Characteristics
                                                                                      2. SOA Applications
                                                                                        1. Signal Amplification
                                                                                          1. Wavelength Conversion
                                                                                            1. Optical Switching
                                                                                            2. SOA Limitations
                                                                                              1. Polarization Sensitivity
                                                                                                1. Nonlinear Effects
                                                                                                  1. Crosstalk

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                                                                                              7. Passive Optical Components

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                                                                                              9. System Design and Analysis