Fiber Optic Communications

  1. Optical Detectors and Receivers
    1. Photodetection Principles
      1. Photoelectric Effect
        1. Photon Absorption
          1. Electron-Hole Pair Generation
            1. Quantum Efficiency
            2. Photoconductive Effect
              1. Conductivity Changes
                1. Response Time
                2. Photovoltaic Effect
                  1. Built-in Electric Field
                    1. Current Generation
                  2. Photodiode Types
                    1. PIN Photodiodes
                      1. Structure and Operation
                        1. Intrinsic Region Function
                          1. Response Time Characteristics
                            1. Quantum Efficiency
                              1. Dark Current
                              2. Avalanche Photodiodes
                                1. Avalanche Multiplication Process
                                  1. Internal Gain Mechanism
                                    1. Multiplication Factor
                                      1. Excess Noise Factor
                                        1. Temperature Dependence
                                        2. Schottky Photodiodes
                                          1. Metal-Semiconductor Junction
                                            1. High-Speed Operation
                                              1. Low Capacitance
                                            2. Detector Performance Parameters
                                              1. Responsivity
                                                1. Current-to-Power Ratio
                                                  1. Wavelength Dependence
                                                    1. Temperature Effects
                                                    2. Quantum Efficiency
                                                      1. Photon-to-Electron Conversion
                                                        1. Internal and External Efficiency
                                                        2. Dark Current
                                                          1. Leakage Current Sources
                                                            1. Temperature Dependence
                                                              1. Noise Contribution
                                                              2. Bandwidth
                                                                1. RC Time Constant Limitations
                                                                  1. Transit Time Effects
                                                                    1. Parasitic Capacitance
                                                                    2. Noise Equivalent Power
                                                                      1. Minimum Detectable Power
                                                                        1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
                                                                      2. Optical Receiver Architecture
                                                                        1. Front-End Amplifier Design
                                                                          1. Transimpedance Amplifiers
                                                                            1. High-Impedance Amplifiers
                                                                              1. Noise Considerations
                                                                                1. Bandwidth Optimization
                                                                                2. Main Amplifier Stages
                                                                                  1. Gain Distribution
                                                                                    1. Bandwidth Shaping
                                                                                      1. Automatic Gain Control
                                                                                      2. Clock and Data Recovery
                                                                                        1. Phase-Locked Loops
                                                                                          1. Clock Extraction
                                                                                            1. Data Retiming
                                                                                            2. Decision Circuit
                                                                                              1. Threshold Detection
                                                                                                1. Bit Error Rate Optimization
                                                                                                  1. Adaptive Threshold Control
                                                                                                2. Receiver Noise Analysis
                                                                                                  1. Shot Noise
                                                                                                    1. Quantum Nature
                                                                                                      1. Current Dependence
                                                                                                        1. Frequency Independence
                                                                                                        2. Thermal Noise
                                                                                                          1. Johnson Noise
                                                                                                            1. Resistance Dependence
                                                                                                              1. Temperature Effects
                                                                                                              2. Amplifier Noise
                                                                                                                1. Input-Referred Noise
                                                                                                                  1. Noise Figure
                                                                                                                    1. Bandwidth Effects
                                                                                                                    2. Total Noise Calculation
                                                                                                                      1. Noise Addition Rules
                                                                                                                        1. Signal-to-Noise Ratio
                                                                                                                      2. Receiver Sensitivity
                                                                                                                        1. Sensitivity Definition
                                                                                                                          1. Minimum Required Power
                                                                                                                            1. Bit Error Rate Criteria
                                                                                                                            2. Sensitivity Calculation
                                                                                                                              1. Noise Analysis
                                                                                                                                1. Decision Threshold Optimization
                                                                                                                                2. Factors Affecting Sensitivity
                                                                                                                                  1. Detector Type
                                                                                                                                    1. Amplifier Design
                                                                                                                                      1. Data Rate
                                                                                                                                        1. Modulation Format

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                                                                                                                                    5. Optical Sources and Transmitters

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                                                                                                                                    7. Passive Optical Components