Fiber Optic Communications

  1. Signal Degradation Mechanisms
    1. Attenuation Phenomena
      1. Attenuation Definition
        1. Power Loss Measurement
          1. Decibel Scale
            1. Loss per Unit Length
            2. Intrinsic Attenuation Mechanisms
              1. Material Absorption
                1. Ultraviolet Absorption
                  1. Infrared Absorption
                    1. Impurity Absorption
                      1. OH Ion Absorption
                      2. Rayleigh Scattering
                        1. Physical Origin
                          1. Wavelength Dependence
                            1. Fundamental Limit
                            2. Structural Imperfections
                              1. Core-Cladding Interface Irregularities
                                1. Refractive Index Fluctuations
                              2. Extrinsic Attenuation Mechanisms
                                1. Macrobending Losses
                                  1. Bend Radius Effects
                                    1. Wavelength Dependence
                                      1. Critical Bend Radius
                                      2. Microbending Losses
                                        1. Fiber Deformation Effects
                                          1. Cable Design Impact
                                            1. Environmental Factors
                                            2. Splice Losses
                                              1. Alignment Errors
                                                1. Index Mismatch
                                                  1. End Face Quality
                                                  2. Connector Losses
                                                    1. Physical Contact Quality
                                                      1. Contamination Effects
                                                        1. Return Loss
                                                      2. Transmission Windows
                                                        1. First Window (850 nm)
                                                          1. Second Window (1310 nm)
                                                            1. Third Window (1550 nm)
                                                              1. Extended Wavelength Ranges
                                                            2. Dispersion Effects
                                                              1. Pulse Broadening Mechanisms
                                                                1. Temporal Spreading
                                                                  1. Intersymbol Interference
                                                                    1. Bandwidth Limitations
                                                                    2. Chromatic Dispersion
                                                                      1. Material Dispersion
                                                                        1. Wavelength-Dependent Refractive Index
                                                                          1. Group Velocity Dispersion
                                                                          2. Waveguide Dispersion
                                                                            1. Mode Field Diameter Effects
                                                                              1. Wavelength Dependence
                                                                              2. Total Chromatic Dispersion
                                                                                1. Dispersion Parameter
                                                                                  1. Zero Dispersion Wavelength
                                                                                    1. Dispersion Slope
                                                                                  2. Polarization Mode Dispersion
                                                                                    1. Fiber Birefringence
                                                                                      1. Differential Group Delay
                                                                                        1. Statistical Nature
                                                                                          1. High-Speed System Impact
                                                                                        2. Nonlinear Optical Effects
                                                                                          1. Stimulated Scattering Effects
                                                                                            1. Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
                                                                                              1. Threshold Power
                                                                                                1. Frequency Shift
                                                                                                  1. Backward Scattering
                                                                                                  2. Stimulated Raman Scattering
                                                                                                    1. Wavelength Shift
                                                                                                      1. Power Transfer
                                                                                                        1. WDM System Impact
                                                                                                      2. Kerr Effect Phenomena
                                                                                                        1. Self-Phase Modulation
                                                                                                          1. Intensity-Dependent Phase Shift
                                                                                                            1. Pulse Broadening
                                                                                                              1. Chirp Generation
                                                                                                              2. Cross-Phase Modulation
                                                                                                                1. Channel Interactions
                                                                                                                  1. Phase Noise Transfer
                                                                                                                  2. Four-Wave Mixing
                                                                                                                    1. Frequency Mixing Products
                                                                                                                      1. Phase Matching Conditions
                                                                                                                        1. WDM System Penalties
                                                                                                                      2. Nonlinear Effect Management
                                                                                                                        1. Power Level Control
                                                                                                                          1. Fiber Design Considerations
                                                                                                                            1. System Design Strategies

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                                                                                                                        3. Optical Fiber Structure and Materials

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                                                                                                                        5. Optical Sources and Transmitters