Excitable Cell Physiology

  1. Synaptic Transmission
    1. Types of Synapses
      1. Electrical Synapses
        1. Gap Junction Structure
          1. Connexin Proteins
            1. Hexameric Channels
              1. Intercellular Continuity
              2. Functional Properties
                1. Bidirectional Transmission
                  1. Fast Transmission
                    1. Electrical Coupling
                    2. Physiological Roles
                      1. Synchronization
                        1. Metabolic Coupling
                      2. Chemical Synapses
                        1. Prevalence in Nervous System
                          1. Unidirectional Transmission
                            1. Synaptic Delay
                              1. Plasticity Capacity
                            2. Chemical Synapse Structure
                              1. Presynaptic Terminal
                                1. Synaptic Vesicles
                                  1. Vesicle Types
                                    1. Neurotransmitter Storage
                                      1. Vesicle Pools
                                      2. Active Zones
                                        1. Release Site Organization
                                          1. Calcium Channel Clustering
                                            1. Vesicle Docking
                                            2. Mitochondria
                                              1. Energy Supply
                                                1. Calcium Buffering
                                              2. Synaptic Cleft
                                                1. Extracellular Space
                                                  1. Synaptic Adhesion Molecules
                                                    1. Extracellular Matrix
                                                    2. Postsynaptic Membrane
                                                      1. Receptor Clustering
                                                        1. Postsynaptic Density
                                                          1. Scaffolding Proteins
                                                        2. Neurotransmitter Release Mechanisms
                                                          1. Neurotransmitter Synthesis
                                                            1. Synthesis Pathways
                                                              1. Enzyme Regulation
                                                                1. Precursor Availability
                                                                2. Vesicular Storage
                                                                  1. Vesicular Transporters
                                                                    1. Concentration Mechanisms
                                                                      1. Storage Stability
                                                                      2. Action Potential Arrival
                                                                        1. Presynaptic Depolarization
                                                                          1. Calcium Channel Activation
                                                                            1. Calcium Influx
                                                                            2. Calcium-Triggered Exocytosis
                                                                              1. Calcium Sensing
                                                                                1. SNARE Protein Complex
                                                                                  1. v-SNAREs
                                                                                    1. t-SNAREs
                                                                                      1. SNARE Complex Formation
                                                                                      2. Membrane Fusion
                                                                                        1. Fusion Pore Formation
                                                                                          1. Full Fusion
                                                                                          2. Vesicle Recycling
                                                                                            1. Endocytosis
                                                                                              1. Vesicle Reformation
                                                                                            2. Neurotransmitter Diffusion
                                                                                              1. Cleft Crossing
                                                                                                1. Concentration Profiles
                                                                                                  1. Time Course
                                                                                                  2. Receptor Binding
                                                                                                    1. Binding Kinetics
                                                                                                      1. Receptor Occupancy
                                                                                                        1. Dose-Response Relationships
                                                                                                      2. Postsynaptic Response Generation
                                                                                                        1. Ionotropic Receptors
                                                                                                          1. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels
                                                                                                            1. Fast Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                              1. Channel Opening Kinetics
                                                                                                                1. Ion Selectivity
                                                                                                                  1. Postsynaptic Potential Generation
                                                                                                                  2. Metabotropic Receptors
                                                                                                                    1. G-Protein Coupling
                                                                                                                      1. Second Messenger Systems
                                                                                                                        1. cAMP Pathway
                                                                                                                          1. IP3/DAG Pathway
                                                                                                                            1. Calcium Signaling
                                                                                                                            2. Modulatory Effects
                                                                                                                              1. Slow Synaptic Transmission
                                                                                                                            3. Neurotransmitter Termination
                                                                                                                              1. Reuptake Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                1. Presynaptic Transporters
                                                                                                                                  1. Glial Transporters
                                                                                                                                    1. Sodium-Dependent Transport
                                                                                                                                    2. Enzymatic Degradation
                                                                                                                                      1. Acetylcholinesterase
                                                                                                                                        1. Monoamine Oxidase
                                                                                                                                          1. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase
                                                                                                                                          2. Diffusion Away
                                                                                                                                            1. Bulk Flow
                                                                                                                                              1. Concentration Gradients
                                                                                                                                            2. Synaptic Integration
                                                                                                                                              1. Spatial Summation
                                                                                                                                                1. Multiple Input Integration
                                                                                                                                                  1. Dendritic Integration
                                                                                                                                                    1. Nonlinear Summation
                                                                                                                                                    2. Temporal Summation
                                                                                                                                                      1. Repeated Input Effects
                                                                                                                                                        1. Membrane Time Constants
                                                                                                                                                          1. Facilitation and Depression
                                                                                                                                                          2. Axon Hillock Integration
                                                                                                                                                            1. Threshold Determination
                                                                                                                                                              1. Action Potential Initiation
                                                                                                                                                                1. Output Generation

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                                                                                                                                                            5. Propagation of the Action Potential

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                                                                                                                                                            7. Excitation-Contraction Coupling