Excitable Cell Physiology

2.

The Resting Membrane Potential

2.1.

Establishing the RMP

2.1.1.

Potassium Leak Channels

2.1.1.1.

Channel Types and Distribution

2.1.1.2.

Selectivity Mechanisms

2.1.1.3.

Abundance in Cell Membrane

2.1.1.4.

Contribution to Negative Potential

2.1.2.

Sodium Permeability at Rest

2.1.2.1.

Low Permeability Mechanisms

2.1.2.2.

Contribution to RMP

2.1.2.3.

Impact on Potential Value

2.1.3.

Chloride Permeability

2.1.3.1.

Passive Distribution

2.1.3.2.

Role in RMP Stability

2.2.

Maintaining the RMP

2.2.1.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

2.2.1.1.

Pump Structure and Function

2.2.1.2.

Three Sodium Out, Two Potassium In Stoichiometry

2.2.1.3.

Electrogenic Contribution

2.2.1.4.

ATP Dependence and Energy Cost

2.2.1.5.

Regulation of Pump Activity

2.2.2.

2.2.2.1.

Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase

2.2.2.2.

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase

2.2.2.3.

Contribution to Calcium Homeostasis

2.2.3.

Sodium-Calcium Exchanger

2.2.3.1.

Stoichiometry and Direction

2.2.3.2.

Voltage Dependence

2.2.3.3.

Role in Calcium Regulation

2.2.4.

Other Transport Systems

2.2.4.1.

Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger

2.2.4.2.

Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter

2.3.

Factors Influencing RMP

2.3.1.

Relative Ion Permeabilities

2.3.1.1.

Permeability Ratios

2.3.1.2.

Channel Expression Changes

2.3.1.3.

Pathological Alterations

2.3.2.

Extracellular Ion Concentrations

2.3.2.1.

Hyperkalemia Effects

2.3.2.1.1.

Depolarization Mechanisms

2.3.2.1.2.

Clinical Consequences

2.3.2.2.

Hypokalemia Effects

2.3.2.2.1.

Hyperpolarization Mechanisms

2.3.2.2.2.

Clinical Consequences

2.3.2.3.

Sodium Concentration Changes

2.3.2.3.1.

Effects on Pump Activity

2.3.2.3.2.

Osmotic Considerations

2.3.3.

Temperature Effects

2.3.3.1.

Pump Activity Changes

2.3.3.2.

Permeability Alterations

2.3.4.

Metabolic Factors

2.3.4.1.

ATP Availability

2.3.4.2.

Oxygen Dependence

2.3.5.

Pathological Conditions

2.3.5.1.

Ischemia and Hypoxia

2.3.5.2.

Metabolic Disorders

2.3.5.3.

Ion Channel Diseases

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1. Foundations of Membrane Bioelectricity

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3. Passive Electrical Properties and Graded Potentials