Environmental Chemistry

  1. Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry
    1. Sampling Principles and Strategies
      1. Sampling Design
        1. Objectives Definition
          1. Statistical Considerations
            1. Representativeness
              1. Randomization vs Systematic Sampling
              2. Sampling Techniques by Media
                1. Air Sampling
                  1. Passive Sampling
                    1. Diffusion Tubes
                      1. Badge Samplers
                      2. Active Sampling
                        1. Pump Systems
                          1. Impingers
                            1. Solid Sorbent Tubes
                            2. Particle Sampling
                              1. Filter Methods
                                1. Impactors
                                  1. Cyclones
                                2. Water Sampling
                                  1. Grab Samples
                                    1. Single Point Collection
                                      1. Timing Considerations
                                      2. Composite Samples
                                        1. Time-weighted Composites
                                          1. Flow-weighted Composites
                                          2. Depth-specific Sampling
                                            1. Groundwater Sampling
                                              1. Well Purging
                                                1. Low-flow Sampling
                                              2. Soil and Sediment Sampling
                                                1. Surface Sampling
                                                  1. Grid Sampling
                                                    1. Random Sampling
                                                    2. Subsurface Sampling
                                                      1. Core Sampling
                                                        1. Auger Sampling
                                                        2. Sediment Sampling
                                                          1. Grab Samplers
                                                            1. Core Samplers
                                                        3. Sample Preservation and Storage
                                                          1. Chemical Preservation
                                                            1. Acidification
                                                              1. Refrigeration
                                                                1. Chemical Stabilizers
                                                                2. Physical Preservation
                                                                  1. Temperature Control
                                                                    1. Light Protection
                                                                    2. Container Selection
                                                                      1. Glass vs Plastic
                                                                        1. Cleaning Procedures
                                                                        2. Holding Times
                                                                          1. Stability Considerations
                                                                            1. Regulatory Requirements
                                                                        3. Sample Preparation and Extraction
                                                                          1. Solid Phase Extraction
                                                                            1. Sorbent Selection
                                                                              1. C18 Cartridges
                                                                                1. Ion Exchange Resins
                                                                                  1. Specialty Phases
                                                                                  2. Extraction Procedures
                                                                                    1. Conditioning
                                                                                      1. Loading
                                                                                        1. Washing
                                                                                          1. Elution
                                                                                        2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction
                                                                                          1. Solvent Selection
                                                                                            1. Polarity Considerations
                                                                                              1. Selectivity
                                                                                              2. Extraction Efficiency
                                                                                                1. pH Effects
                                                                                                  1. Salting Out
                                                                                                    1. Multiple Extractions
                                                                                                  2. Solid-Liquid Extraction
                                                                                                    1. Soxhlet Extraction
                                                                                                      1. Apparatus and Procedure
                                                                                                        1. Solvent Selection
                                                                                                        2. Microwave-Assisted Extraction
                                                                                                          1. Heating Mechanisms
                                                                                                            1. Advantages and Limitations
                                                                                                            2. Pressurized Fluid Extraction
                                                                                                              1. High Temperature and Pressure
                                                                                                                1. Solvent Efficiency
                                                                                                                2. Ultrasonic Extraction
                                                                                                                  1. Cavitation Effects
                                                                                                                3. Cleanup and Concentration
                                                                                                                  1. Column Chromatography
                                                                                                                    1. Silica Gel
                                                                                                                      1. Alumina
                                                                                                                        1. Florisil
                                                                                                                        2. Concentration Techniques
                                                                                                                          1. Rotary Evaporation
                                                                                                                            1. Nitrogen Blowdown
                                                                                                                              1. Solid Phase Concentration
                                                                                                                          2. Instrumental Analysis
                                                                                                                            1. Spectroscopic Methods
                                                                                                                              1. Atomic Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                1. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                  1. Flame Atomization
                                                                                                                                    1. Graphite Furnace
                                                                                                                                      1. Hydride Generation
                                                                                                                                        1. Cold Vapor Mercury
                                                                                                                                        2. Inductively Coupled Plasma
                                                                                                                                          1. ICP-Optical Emission Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                            1. Plasma Formation
                                                                                                                                              1. Simultaneous Multi-element Analysis
                                                                                                                                              2. ICP-Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                1. Ionization Efficiency
                                                                                                                                                  1. Isotope Ratio Analysis
                                                                                                                                                    1. Interference Management
                                                                                                                                                2. Molecular Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                  1. UV-Visible Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                    1. Beer-Lambert Law
                                                                                                                                                      1. Chromophore Identification
                                                                                                                                                        1. Quantitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                        2. Infrared Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                          1. Functional Group Identification
                                                                                                                                                            1. FTIR Advantages
                                                                                                                                                              1. ATR Sampling
                                                                                                                                                              2. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
                                                                                                                                                                1. Excitation and Emission
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sensitivity Advantages
                                                                                                                                                              3. Chromatographic Methods
                                                                                                                                                                1. Gas Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Stationary Phases
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Packed Columns
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Capillary Columns
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Mobile Phase
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Carrier Gas Selection
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Flow Rate Optimization
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Detection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Flame Ionization Detector
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Electron Capture Detector
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Thermal Conductivity Detector
                                                                                                                                                                                2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Volatile Organic Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Petroleum Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Stationary Phases
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Reverse Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Normal Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ion Exchange
                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Mobile Phase
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Solvent Selection
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Gradient Elution
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Detection Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. UV-Visible Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fluorescence Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Electrochemical Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Polar Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Non-volatile Compounds
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pharmaceuticals
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Ion Chromatography
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Anion Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Suppressed Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Non-suppressed Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Cation Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Drinking Water Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Acid Rain Components
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Hyphenated Techniques
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ionization Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electron Impact
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Chemical Ionization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Mass Analyzers
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Quadrupole
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ion Trap
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Time-of-Flight
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Compound Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Quantitative Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Forensics
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Ionization Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Electrospray Ionization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Pharmaceuticals in Water
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Pesticide Residues
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Metabolite Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Electrochemical Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Potentiometry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ion-Selective Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. pH Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Reference Electrodes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Voltammetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Differential Pulse Voltammetry
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Applications to Trace Metals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Quality Control Samples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Method Blanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Reagent Blanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Field Blanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Trip Blanks
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Calibration Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. External Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Internal Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Standard Addition
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Quality Control Samples
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Duplicates
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spikes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Surrogate Standards
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Method Performance Criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Detection Limits
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Method Detection Limit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Practical Quantitation Limit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Instrument Detection Limit
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Accuracy
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Bias Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Recovery Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Precision
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Repeatability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Reproducibility
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Relative Standard Deviation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Calibration and Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Calibration Curves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Linear Range
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Correlation Coefficients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Calibration Verification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Method Validation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Selectivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Linearity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Range
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Robustness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Data Quality Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Outlier Detection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Control Charts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Measurement Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Traceability

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            8. Green Chemistry and Sustainable Solutions