Environmental Chemistry

  1. Chemistry of the Hydrosphere
    1. Properties of Water
      1. Physical Properties
        1. Polarity
          1. High Specific Heat
            1. Density Anomalies
              1. Surface Tension
              2. Chemical Properties
                1. Hydrogen Bonding
                  1. Solvent Properties
                    1. Ionization
                    2. Water Structure
                      1. Molecular Geometry
                        1. Intermolecular Forces
                      2. Chemistry of Natural Waters
                        1. Dissolved Gases
                          1. Dissolved Oxygen
                            1. Solubility Factors
                              1. Sources and Sinks
                                1. Measurement Methods
                                2. Carbon Dioxide
                                  1. Dissolution Equilibria
                                    1. Carbonic Acid Formation
                                      1. pH Effects
                                    2. Acid-Base Chemistry
                                      1. pH in Natural Waters
                                        1. Measurement Techniques
                                          1. Factors Affecting pH
                                          2. Carbonate Buffer System
                                            1. Carbonic Acid Equilibria
                                              1. Buffering Capacity
                                                1. Alkalinity
                                              2. Major Dissolved Species
                                                1. Cations
                                                  1. Calcium
                                                    1. Magnesium
                                                      1. Sodium
                                                        1. Potassium
                                                        2. Anions
                                                          1. Chloride
                                                            1. Sulfate
                                                              1. Bicarbonate
                                                                1. Carbonate
                                                              2. Water Hardness
                                                                1. Calcium and Magnesium Content
                                                                  1. Measurement Methods
                                                                    1. Environmental Implications
                                                                      1. Treatment Methods
                                                                      2. Redox Chemistry
                                                                        1. Redox Potential
                                                                          1. Measurement and Interpretation
                                                                            1. Environmental Significance
                                                                            2. Electron Activity
                                                                              1. pE Concept
                                                                                1. pE-pH Diagrams
                                                                                2. Redox Reactions
                                                                                  1. Metal Speciation
                                                                                    1. Organic Matter Decomposition
                                                                                3. Water Pollution
                                                                                  1. Pollution Sources
                                                                                    1. Point Sources
                                                                                      1. Industrial Discharges
                                                                                        1. Municipal Wastewater
                                                                                          1. Combined Sewer Overflows
                                                                                          2. Non-point Sources
                                                                                            1. Agricultural Runoff
                                                                                              1. Urban Stormwater
                                                                                                1. Atmospheric Deposition
                                                                                              2. Classes of Water Pollutants
                                                                                                1. Oxygen-Demanding Wastes
                                                                                                  1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
                                                                                                    1. Chemical Oxygen Demand
                                                                                                      1. Dissolved Oxygen Depletion
                                                                                                      2. Pathogens
                                                                                                        1. Bacteria
                                                                                                          1. Viruses
                                                                                                            1. Parasites
                                                                                                              1. Indicator Organisms
                                                                                                              2. Nutrients
                                                                                                                1. Nitrogen Compounds
                                                                                                                  1. Ammonia
                                                                                                                    1. Nitrite
                                                                                                                      1. Nitrate
                                                                                                                        1. Organic Nitrogen
                                                                                                                        2. Phosphorus Compounds
                                                                                                                          1. Orthophosphate
                                                                                                                            1. Polyphosphate
                                                                                                                              1. Organic Phosphorus
                                                                                                                              2. Eutrophication Processes
                                                                                                                              3. Salts and Total Dissolved Solids
                                                                                                                                1. Salinization Sources
                                                                                                                                  1. Conductivity Measurements
                                                                                                                                    1. Ecological Effects
                                                                                                                                    2. Thermal Pollution
                                                                                                                                      1. Power Plant Discharges
                                                                                                                                        1. Industrial Cooling Water
                                                                                                                                          1. Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                                                          2. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                                                            1. Lead
                                                                                                                                              1. Mercury
                                                                                                                                                1. Cadmium
                                                                                                                                                  1. Chromium
                                                                                                                                                    1. Arsenic
                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                                                                        1. Toxicity Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                        2. Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                                                                          1. Pesticides
                                                                                                                                                            1. Organochlorines
                                                                                                                                                              1. Organophosphates
                                                                                                                                                                1. Carbamates
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Fate
                                                                                                                                                                  2. Polychlorinated Biphenyls
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Sources and Uses
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Environmental Persistence
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                                                                                        2. Petroleum Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                          1. Spill Sources
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Weathering Processes
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biodegradation
                                                                                                                                                                              2. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Occurrence in Water
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Treatment Challenges
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Ecological Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sediments
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Erosion Sources
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Transport Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ecological Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Eutrophication
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Nutrient Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. External Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Internal Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Critical Loads
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Primary Productivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Algal Growth
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Limiting Nutrients
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Seasonal Patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Oxygen Depletion
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Hypoxia Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Anoxia Effects
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Dead Zones
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Water Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Drinking Water Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Coagulation and Flocculation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Aluminum Sulfate
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Ferric Chloride
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Polymer Coagulants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Jar Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Sedimentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Settling Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Clarifier Design
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Sludge Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Rapid Sand Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Slow Sand Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Membrane Filtration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. Disinfection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Chlorination
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Free Chlorine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Combined Chlorine
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Disinfection Byproducts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Ozonation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ozone Generation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Disinfection Mechanisms
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Byproduct Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Ultraviolet Disinfection
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. UV Dose Requirements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Lamp Technologies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Wastewater Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Primary Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Screening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Grit Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Primary Sedimentation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Secondary Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Activated Sludge Process
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aeration Systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Microbial Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Sludge Settling
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Trickling Filters
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biofilm Formation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Hydraulic Loading
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Rotating Biological Contactors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3. Tertiary Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Nutrient Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Biological Nutrient Removal
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Chemical Precipitation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Advanced Oxidation Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Ozone-Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. UV-Hydrogen Peroxide
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Fenton Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Membrane Processes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Microfiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Ultrafiltration
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Reverse Osmosis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Sludge Treatment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Thickening
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Anaerobic Digestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Aerobic Digestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Lime Stabilization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dewatering
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Disposal Options

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      3. Chemistry of the Atmosphere

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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      5. Chemistry of the Geosphere and Pedosphere