Environmental Chemistry

  1. Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment
    1. Fundamentals of Toxicology
      1. Basic Concepts
        1. Toxicants vs Toxins
          1. Dose and Response
            1. Individual Variability
            2. Types of Toxicity
              1. Acute Toxicity
                1. Immediate Effects
                  1. Lethal Doses
                  2. Chronic Toxicity
                    1. Long-term Exposure
                      1. Cumulative Effects
                      2. Subchronic Toxicity
                      3. Dose-Response Relationships
                        1. Threshold Models
                          1. No Observed Adverse Effect Level
                            1. Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
                            2. Non-threshold Models
                              1. Linear Models
                                1. Supralinear Models
                                2. Hormesis
                                3. Routes of Exposure
                                  1. Inhalation
                                    1. Respiratory Tract Deposition
                                      1. Particle Size Effects
                                        1. Gas Absorption
                                        2. Ingestion
                                          1. Gastrointestinal Absorption
                                            1. First-pass Metabolism
                                            2. Dermal Absorption
                                              1. Skin Permeability
                                                1. Factors Affecting Absorption
                                                2. Injection
                                                3. Toxicokinetics
                                                  1. Absorption
                                                    1. Passive Diffusion
                                                      1. Active Transport
                                                        1. Facilitated Diffusion
                                                        2. Distribution
                                                          1. Blood-brain Barrier
                                                            1. Placental Transfer
                                                              1. Tissue Binding
                                                              2. Metabolism
                                                                1. Phase I Reactions
                                                                  1. Oxidation
                                                                    1. Reduction
                                                                      1. Hydrolysis
                                                                      2. Phase II Reactions
                                                                        1. Conjugation
                                                                          1. Glucuronidation
                                                                            1. Sulfation
                                                                          2. Excretion
                                                                            1. Renal Excretion
                                                                              1. Biliary Excretion
                                                                                1. Pulmonary Excretion
                                                                            2. Environmental Fate of Toxicants
                                                                              1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                1. Bioconcentration Factor
                                                                                  1. Factors Affecting Bioaccumulation
                                                                                    1. Lipophilicity
                                                                                      1. Molecular Size
                                                                                        1. Metabolism Rate
                                                                                      2. Bioconcentration
                                                                                        1. Water-to-Organism Transfer
                                                                                          1. Steady-State Concentrations
                                                                                          2. Biomagnification
                                                                                            1. Food Chain Transfer
                                                                                              1. Trophic Level Effects
                                                                                                1. Predator-Prey Relationships
                                                                                                2. Environmental Persistence
                                                                                                  1. Half-life Concepts
                                                                                                    1. Degradation Pathways
                                                                                                      1. Recalcitrant Compounds
                                                                                                    2. Major Classes of Environmental Toxicants
                                                                                                      1. Heavy Metals
                                                                                                        1. Lead
                                                                                                          1. Sources and Exposure
                                                                                                            1. Neurological Effects
                                                                                                              1. Developmental Toxicity
                                                                                                              2. Mercury
                                                                                                                1. Methylmercury Formation
                                                                                                                  1. Neurotoxicity
                                                                                                                    1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                                    2. Cadmium
                                                                                                                      1. Kidney Toxicity
                                                                                                                        1. Bone Effects
                                                                                                                          1. Carcinogenicity
                                                                                                                          2. Arsenic
                                                                                                                            1. Inorganic vs Organic Forms
                                                                                                                              1. Carcinogenicity
                                                                                                                                1. Skin Effects
                                                                                                                              2. Persistent Organic Pollutants
                                                                                                                                1. Dioxins and Furans
                                                                                                                                  1. Formation Processes
                                                                                                                                    1. Toxic Equivalency Factors
                                                                                                                                      1. Endocrine Disruption
                                                                                                                                      2. Polychlorinated Biphenyls
                                                                                                                                        1. Historical Uses
                                                                                                                                          1. Environmental Persistence
                                                                                                                                            1. Health Effects
                                                                                                                                            2. Organochlorine Pesticides
                                                                                                                                              1. DDT and Metabolites
                                                                                                                                                1. Bioaccumulation
                                                                                                                                                  1. Eggshell Thinning
                                                                                                                                                2. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
                                                                                                                                                  1. Mechanisms of Action
                                                                                                                                                    1. Hormone Mimics
                                                                                                                                                      1. Hormone Antagonists
                                                                                                                                                        1. Hormone Synthesis Inhibitors
                                                                                                                                                        2. Examples
                                                                                                                                                          1. Bisphenol A
                                                                                                                                                            1. Phthalates
                                                                                                                                                              1. Atrazine
                                                                                                                                                              2. Effects on Wildlife
                                                                                                                                                                1. Reproductive Abnormalities
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Population Impacts
                                                                                                                                                                2. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
                                                                                                                                                                  1. Sources
                                                                                                                                                                    1. Combustion Processes
                                                                                                                                                                      1. Petroleum Products
                                                                                                                                                                      2. Carcinogenic Properties
                                                                                                                                                                        1. Metabolic Activation
                                                                                                                                                                          1. DNA Adduct Formation
                                                                                                                                                                          2. Environmental Fate
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Photodegradation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Biodegradation
                                                                                                                                                                          3. Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                            1. Risk Assessment Framework
                                                                                                                                                                              1. Problem Formulation
                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exposure Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Effects Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Risk Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Hazard Identification
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Literature Review
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Weight of Evidence
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Mode of Action
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Dose-Response Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Animal Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Extrapolation Methods
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Uncertainty Factors
                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Human Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Epidemiological Data
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Occupational Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. In Vitro Studies
                                                                                                                                                                                                    3. Exposure Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Exposure Pathways
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Direct Contact
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Inhalation
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Ingestion
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Exposure Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Fate and Transport Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Exposure Scenario Development
                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. Exposure Measurement
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Environmental Monitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Biomonitoring
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Risk Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Risk Estimation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Cancer Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Non-cancer Risk
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. Uncertainty Analysis
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Parameter Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Model Uncertainty
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. Risk Communication
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. Ecological Risk Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Problem Formulation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Assessment Endpoints
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. Conceptual Models
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. Exposure Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Environmental Concentrations
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Bioavailability
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Effects Assessment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. Toxicity Testing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. Species Sensitivity Distributions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. Risk Characterization
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. Risk Quotients
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Probabilistic Methods

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Previous

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        5. Chemistry of the Geosphere and Pedosphere

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Go to top

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Next

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        7. Analytical Methods in Environmental Chemistry